Never Too Young to Be Beautiful Essay Example

Never Too Young to Be Beautiful? Paper Envision a young lady swaggering over a phase in high heels, short skirt, and tank top. Cosmetics artificially glamorized onto her smooth, splash tanned face, red lipstick, and falling fair twists make her appear as though a Barbie doll. She begins moving to scandalous music in a wanton manner. OK accept that this young lady is just two-years of age? OK be stunned to realize that she has been acting and dressing along these lines since she was an infant? Numerous little youngsters are oppressed by their folks to act and dress thusly to go up against different young ladies to win cash and different prizes. These young ladies start in events at just a couple of days old and now and then continue entering exhibitions into grown-up hood. Others despite everything are â€Å"retired† from events to seek after demonstrating at as youthful as six-years of age. It is broadly acknowledged that realism, vanity, and â€Å"skinny approaches pretty† thoughts conflict with moral codes. It is additionally all around acknowledged that kids ought to be permitted to appreciate a joyful youth brimming with fun and learning; not the weight of winning a crown, cash for their folks, and resembling a doll. The TLC unscripted TV drama, â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras,† is a decent portrayal of why children’s excellence exhibitions aren't right since it shows that the expos show realism and vanity, advance â€Å"skinny rises to pretty,† and drive young ladies to grow up too rapidly which are on the whole poor attributes to implement on little youngsters only for prizes and titles. Children’s magnificence events aren't right since they show realism and vanity at an amazingly early age. In season four of â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras,† three-year-old Olivia indicated exactly how materialistic and ruined a show makes little youngsters. We will compose a custom paper test on Never Too Young to Be Beautiful? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Never Too Young to Be Beautiful? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Never Too Young to Be Beautiful? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In addition to the fact that she smarts off to her mom, Karey, without result as often as possible, however she is cited in one scene for yelling, â€Å"I need the crown! † Karey disclosed to TLC that â€Å"Olivia has just been in four or five events, however now we better leave with a crown or she’s going to have an emergency. † Instead of rebuffing her youngster for that kind of conduct, Karey rather feels that she needs to give her beginning and end that she needs so as to shield her from blowing up or forceful. The purpose of a show is to win a glossy crown, cash, and different prizes. Getting a little youngster like Olivia through shows that power rivalry for material things could just bring about the ruined disposition Karey gets from her girl. As indicated by some self-perception specialists, these kids that are exposed to the exhibitions will in the long run become fixated on their self-perception, making them bound to create dietary issues and want plastic medical procedure. â€Å"‘You see a high pace of disappointment with their looks when they are older,’ says Dr. Martina Cartwright, a therapist and nutritionist who has worked with proficient artists. There are unreasonable desires to be great. They endeavor to be impeccable, and they can take that too far’ (Triggs). While the general picture of a delightful young lady is one who grasps her defects and is wonderful as a result of them, the possibility of excellence events is to make young ladies great. Alongside artificially glamorize cosmetics, young ladies wear wigs and hair pieces fro m as youthful of an age as one year. In addition to the fact that they wear cosmetics, wigs, hair pieces, and get shower tans, yet their folks purchase things called â€Å"flippers. † Flippers are dental prosthetics that conceal holes in teeth left by missing child teeth (Hollandsworth). These things are showing young ladies from an incredibly youthful age that magnificence is completely outer and that one is just delightful when perfect. On the off chance that there are imperfections on an event girl’s body, she is educated to fix the defects with medical procedure, artificial teeth, and different vanities as opposed to perceiving her blemishes and being glad for them. Taking in this since early on makes young ladies grow up amazingly hesitant. â€Å"Skinny rises to pretty† thoughts are another premise of the corrupt capacity children’s excellence shows hold. They are the thoughts of ladies who solidly accept that one must be size 0 to be wonderful. These thoughts are embraced by numerous advertisement crusades for anything from style and cosmetics to lager and vehicles. In another scene of â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras,† eleven-year-old Sydney takes a stab at her dress for an up and coming expo. Her mom, Marlo, fixes a girdle ribbon in the rear of the dress to the point that Sydney can scarcely relax. At the point when she gripes about the absence of wind current, Marlo just says, â€Å"It doesn’t matter in the event that you can inhale or not; it possibly matters on the off chance that you look wonderful! As per research done on the association between children’s excellence events and dietary issues in the mid year of 2005, â€Å"Of the 131 females who took an interest in magnificence show challenges, 48. 5% detailed a craving to be more slender, 57% expressed they were attempting to shed pounds, and 26% had been advised or were accepted to have an eating disorder† (Wonderlich). The media have told individuals for some ages that so as to be lovely, one must be thin. These weights to be thin that the media have put on society have constrained numerous females, youthful and old, into dietary issues. It is assessed that 7,000,000 American ladies and one million American men are as of now experiencing a dietary problem. Not exclusively do the dietary issues brought about by low confidence make one incredibly undesirable, they are known to have the most elevated death rate among psychological maladjustments. â€Å"A concentrate by the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders announced that 5 †10% of anorexics bite the dust inside 10 years subsequent to getting the sickness; 18-20% of anorexics will be dead following 20 years and just 30 †40% ever completely recuperate. The death rate related with anorexia nervosa is multiple times higher than the demise pace of ALL reasons for death for females 15 †24 years of age (South Carolina Department of Mental Health). † With the entirety of this danger of death by dietary issues for young ladies and men, it is anything but difficult to censure the media for generalizing â€Å"beauty. † However, these magnificence expos that have been in numerous children’s lives for quite a long time cause a large number of the confidence gives that end in these fatal dietary issues. Besides, â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras† shows how children’s excellence exhibitions power young ladies to grow up too rapidly, which isn't right, since kids ought to have the option to live a joyful, fun adolescence without the pressure and requests of grown-up life. In an alternate scene of the TLC unscripted TV drama â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras,† eighteen-month-old Brystol at last gets mature enough to wear cosmetics and hair pieces in shows. This scene shows Brystol being acquainted with artificially glamorize cosmetics, lipstick, and hair pieces. In one more scene of the show, four-year-old Karley and six-year-old Kylie get shower tans from their mom in anticipation of expos. When Karley and Kylie’s mother takes steps to put the splash tan can away if Karley won't stop for her shower, Karley pitches a fit since she realized that the splash tan was cold, yet she didn't need her mom to take care of it since she needed to be â€Å"tan and excellent. † All of these occurrences show how the magnificence events that these little youngsters are gotten through by their moms constrain them to grow up too rapidly, on the grounds that they show that the young ladies are being constrained by their folks to participate in exercises regularly fit for an a lot more seasoned lady. Generally we are advised by our moms to hold up until we are in our youngsters before we wear cosmetics or get hair augmentations. We are informed that we are unreasonably youthful for meager outfits or splash tans. To see a child getting cosmetics put on her so as to win a wonder event is nauseating. In another scene of â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras,† four-year-old Maddy wears cushioning for counterfeit bosoms and butt so as to go about as Dolly Parton for an up and coming event. In a similar scene, two-year-old Paisley dresses as Julia Roberts in â€Å"Pretty Woman† wearing knee-high dark boots, a scanty cut-out dress, and wig. In a 80s themed show two-year-old Mia was dressed as Madonna, complete with cone-molded bustier. A considerable lot of the youthful exhibition young ladies are urged to wink, squirm their hips, and make a gesture of blowing kisses at the appointed authorities of events. Despite the fact that they don't really understand that these activities are alluring, this might be a piece of the issue. Deborah Tolman, Ed. D. , a Hunter College teacher and creator, clarified that, â€Å"Focusing such a great amount on what you look like is dangerous. Rather than concentrating on how she feels †which is a significant expertise growing up †a young lady figures out how to sexualize herself. Your body is a compass, and untimely sexuality removes the bolt from the compass† (Hollandsworth). A young lady should have the option to find her sexuality, restricts, and develop gradually. Driving her to turn into a sexual thing makes a little youngster develop too rapidly, not permitting her to find who she is explicitly. Compelling her to turn into a sexual thing at such an early age, can cause it to feel like a typical thing, maybe making her vibe like she should be a sex thing for a mind-blowing remainder so as to get what she needs and succeed. A few guardians of youthful event sovereigns contend that shows are simply rounds of â€Å"dress-up with mommy† that have more advantages, for example, prizes, cash, or titles. Nonetheless, this extract from an article included in �

Psychoanalysis is it for me Essays - Psychology, Psychoanalysis

Therapy: is it for me? center850008549640 Ashlie King 1000000 Ashlie King Brain research is an interdisciplinary field with numerous branches. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary gives 2 exceptionally fascinating meanings of brain research. The primary definition is the study of psyche and conduct (Merriam-Webster, 2017). The subsequent definition is the investigation of the brain and conduct according to a specific field of information or action (Merriam-Webster, 2017). The principal definition stood apart to me in light of science. I as of late composed a conversation board post on brain science as a science. There is a ton of discussion on this issue, and I think that its astonishing that the word reference characterizes brain research as a science. The subsequent definition additionally impacts me since this is the meaning of brain science that I know well overall. I accepting Introduction to Psychology as a 17-year-old and finding out about the various clinicians and ways of thinking. I additionally recollect finding out about different mental issue and co ntemplating clinicians and specialists attempting to treat them by going into the psyche of the patient. Therefore, I have consistently portrayed brain research as the how and why of life. I took a test titled What is Your Theoretical Orientation in Psychology? and I w as very charmed by the outcome, which read, You consider the to be mind as being to a great extent constrained by oblivious powers. When something isn't right with an individual's conduct, you consider the to be ailment as coming about because of something negative being curbed in the oblivious, for example, a horrendous memory or sentiments of disgrace or blame. To you, the activity of the psychoanalyst is to reveal these oblivious issues and bring them into cognizant mindfulness for the patient, forci ng them to stand up to the issue. My direction is psychoanalytic , which is exact. I have consistently appreciated finding out about Sigmund Freud and his hypothesis of analysis. Additionally, clinical brain science is the field that I need to go into. I have a weakness for individuals with dysfunctional behaviors and who endure because of injury. I likewise have a thought of what I need to inquire about for my proposition/exposition. I need to concentrate on grown-up survivors of injury and grown-ups who experience the ill effects of dysfunctional behavior. I've seen that a great deal of my companions who need to go into clinical brain science need to concentrate on youngsters and teenagers. I feel like the explanation behind that is with the goal that they can address the issues early and ideally fix the kids into adulthood. I need to help the individuals who never got the treatment they required, or constrained treatment . I need to help the individuals who others may have abandoned, or are regarded acts of futility. One of my motivations is the film Sybil (in view of the book), which was a genuine record of a specialist (Dr. Cornelia Wilbur) who treated a lady with Dissociative Identity Disorder (called various per sonalities at that point, as the occasion occurred during the 50s) . The patient, named Sybil to secure her personality, had endured extreme injury in her youth. She persevered through physical, mental, and sexual maltreatment on account of her mom (who had been determined to have post birth anxiety and schizophrenia). Sybil had 16 diverse personalitiesthere were 16 distinct individuals in her inner mind, from an infant to an elderly person, and even 2 young men. The various characters were Sybil's method of adapting to her injury. Dr. Wilbur talked with her tutor about Sybil, just to be excused and informed that the lady's condition was only an instance of delirium. Utilizing spellbinding, Dr. Wilbur brought every one of the 16 selves to Sybil's cognizant, and helped her understand that all her repressed annoyance should be intended for her mom. Once Sybil effectively guided her outrage, her street to mending could start. My direction identifies with many divisions in the APA, including Clinical, Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, Social, Testing, Therapy, Trauma, Women, Counseling. The divisions that I locate the most fascinating are Psychoanalysis and Clinical. I have an enthusiasm for the clinical part of brain research, and I feel like different divisions are connected, similar to a domino impact. The social division likewise assumes an immense job in my field when it

ISEF Review

ISEF Review This past week, I went to the Intel International Science Engineering Fair in Indianapolis, Indiana. On Thursday, we had a reception at the Indianapolis Artsgarden: At left, the glass Artsgarden soaring above a busy city intersection; at right, the crowd at the reception. Faye Faye 10, Sukrit 10, and Ian 10 address the crowd. On Wednesday night, I went out to dinner with a dozen of the 20+ MIT 2010s at Intel ISEF. The table at dinner. In the first picture, Ethan, Desh, Matt, Maggie and Maysun (all 10); in the second picture, Alice, faye Faye and Ploy (again, all 10); and finally, Ian, Manuel, Zihao, and Reynaldo (MIT MMX). Intel ISEF is a huge fair, with nearly 1500 students from 40+ countries. On Thursday morning, I got to visit many of the finalists and their projects. Anneke 10 at her project, with her sign, which became a hit of the fair. Some of the underclassmen projects I visited: Iddoshe and Yi, Peter and Lucas, Jessica 10 and Sohan, Esther, Natasha with three middle school fans, and Iheoma.

The Importance Of Poetry In Poetry - 761 Words

At first I was a little concern about writing poetry in English since I did not have any experience on it, but at the same time, I was very excited to start composing poems because I have a deep respect and affection for poets in general. I have always been a fanatic of authors such as Gabriela Mistral, and Pablo Neruda. Poetry portrays powerful feelings and images into words, capturing minimum details and converting them in the most beautiful verse, poetry is an art by means of words, the word itself is of Greek origin and its etymological meaning is â€Å"making†. Emphasizing nowadays poetry, contemporary poetry changed the concept of literature to a more visual and expressive way to shape poetry, and it shifted past parameters of poems. The†¦show more content†¦First, we had to find what poet we wanted to imitate, so we could research the biography this poet and choose some of the poems that this one wrote. Then, we chose one of his poems and imitate the style and figures of speech the poet used on it. With this assignment, we introduced a new skill which was mimicking a poem which was very effective the understanding the nature of the style of a poet and use it to find what kind of style we want to write. The final poem I wrote for the common assessment is a modified poem, the original one is called â€Å"Piano Solo† was made for special talent poem assignment. I extended this poem, adding a lot more metaphors and similes. I had two challenges in this unit: the language, and my standards. English is not my first language, so I am not proficient as a native speaker. I have always had to be thinking and processing while I am writing, which makes me usually slower than others. The schools curriculum was mainly focused on reading rather than writing in English, so I only had to concentrate on memorizing words or interpreting passages, but now that I am in the United States since one year ago, Americas high schools require a certain English proficiency, so my English has to be constantly improving in order to supply the demand of my classes. The topics covered each week of this unit gave me the opportunity to increase my vocabulary, trying to find specific words forShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Poetry In Poetry1191 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough poetry evokes many varying opinions among high school students, I believe poetry should be be taught in public schools because it is important to learn differen t types of writing in english, poetry is a way of self expression, and some students end up loving poetry. This opinion will be made clear by analyzing poetry as well as other literature based on the topic. Poetry is a way of self expression and various of poems show this. For example the poem, Why Am I So Brown by Trinidad SanchezRead MoreThe Importance Of Reading Poetry1158 Words   |  5 PagesWhen we hear the word â€Å"poetry† it often triggers associated thoughts we relate to poetry. Throughout history poetry had been a major influence of every art movement and is known to capture emotions better than any other art form. As an introduction to the arts culture, Once a person is comfortable with reading poetry they begin to reach out and explore other art forms. The appreciation of any art requires the same critical thinking and emotional awareness as poetry, making poetry a great first step towardRead MoreThe Importance of Poetry in Literature1828 Words   |  8 PagesCom 200 Masterson December 11, 2006 The Importance of Poetry in Literature â€Å"Poetry may make us from time to time a little more aware of the deeper, unnamed feelings which form the substratum of our being, to which we rarely penetrate; for our lives are mostly a constant evasion of ourselves.† T.S. Eliot Poetry, just as in other literature contributes a major role in the development of many aspects of life. The utilization of poets and poetry can serve for many different positive purposesRead MoreThe Speakers Importance in Poetry1598 Words   |  7 PagesEst, A Man Who Had Fallen Among Thieves, and The Man He Killed, this essay will highlight the similarities and differences of a speaker to help establish the definition of a speaker. 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This is not to condemn the so-called literature of engagement; eye-opening and revealing, it has served its purpose in the unfinishedRead MoreThe Reflection Of Poetry : The Importance Of Poetic Literature2117 Words   |  9 PagesIn poetry, each word or line leaves you with an inclination to keep reading to grasp the message and emotion.   I think poetry has a loud voice and you can use poetry to prove a point.   The best part of reading poetry is exploring how the artist composes his thoughts that may leave the readers or audience with a sense of self-reform or with a voice. Poetic literature is an art that inclines the readers to grasp the meaning and the emotion of every w ord or lyric the artist has composed. In this researchRead MoreEssay about The Importance of the Land in Twentieth Century Irish Poetry610 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of the Land in Twentieth Century Irish Poetry Land in the Twentieth Century was very important to the Irish nation, and this is portrayed through the works of certain pieces of poetry, written by native countrymen Thomas Kinsella and Seamus Heaney. The poem Wormwood is expressed by Thomas Kinsella in a powerful and descriptive manner where the reader can experience the deepest thoughts of the writer, in his or her own way. The reader feels a senseRead More How do the poets represent the importance of roots in their poetry?3571 Words   |  15 PagesHow do the poets represent the importance of roots in their poetry? Consider how the social and cultural identity of the poets is paramount to the development of the main themes. Other Cultures ============== How do the poets represent the importance of roots in their poetry? Consider how the social and cultural identity of the poets is paramount to the development of the main themes. The four poems that I will be comparing all describe how the poets feel about their roots, backgroundRead More Youth And Poetry Essay742 Words   |  3 PagesYouth and Poetry nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Poetry by definition is the art of writing that shows more imagination and deep feeling that ordinary speech. Poetry is a set of sensual words with deep meaning, but for some reason young people do not appreciate it. Hugh Maclennan states, quot;For without poetry these youths were poor.; He was referring to a group of teenagers he encountered, but this statement can be directed to the majority of youths today. Poetry is dead in our lives, and withoutRead MoreEssay on Romantic Era: Time of a New Time1656 Words   |  7 Pagespast. These little appreciation and acknowledgments by these few men led to a great change in time. This change began to open people’s eyes. People began to appreciate the little things. They began to appreciate music and art as well as nature and poetry. Times began to change as people started to believe in what they want some stayed with the original version of what the church had taught them and dictated to them but many began to read and do their own research and were able to decide for themselves

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 973 Words

Busy. The terminal became backed with hundreds upon hundreds of ponies, each trotting towards their flight or to family members they hadn’t seen in weeks. The sight of loved ones leaving out the door brought a smile to my face as I turned my attention back to the list of flight numbers. Ours, mine and my sisters, flight was still several minutes before a pony would began to let us board. A slow long breath calmed me down from my excitement. There was lot I was leaving behind, but none of it was something I wanted to return to. My sister, Brave Day, and I used to run with a gang of criminals. We stole, lied and cheated to survive in the Badlands. By day, we raced at the track for money, by night we became petty criminals. â€Å"Even with authorities still on the search for the stallion, no pony has been able to find even a trace of the cannibal’s presence anywhere in Equestria.† My thoughts, my fears, disbursed hearing the news bulletin as it was played across the TV in the corner of the waiting room. It took a moment for me to push back the haunting memories of what we had done, but then I turned that very fear into the fuel I needed to hunt down a better future for me and my sister. My hind legs stretched out from my seat while my eyes took a look at my sister. She turned a page in her magazine, Hot Rod Outlaws, which depicted classic Corvettes on the cover. â€Å"What’re you reading, Brave?† Brave Day flipped to the cover, engulfing the magazine with a sheath of blueShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. 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I can see it in his eyes, he really has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words   |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. 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A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash

Children’s Play and Their Physical Health Free Essays

With the presence of the media, transport patterns, and the physical environment of today, it has been suggested that the current conditions of the society have reduced the consistency and opportunities for children’s play, harming their play health and physical development as a result. Because of this, it was noted that such reduction has been a significant concern in terms of health perspective for children (â€Å"Play Health and Physical Development for Children,† 2009). Play is often associated with childhood, a phase that stresses the concepts of natural creativity and the liberty to play. We will write a custom essay sample on Children’s Play and Their Physical Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, it is highly important to encourage children to engage in plays with a creative format channeled towards learning. The purpose of play for children may not be explicitly expressed. However it should be taken into consideration that plays are something that actually children feel; an avenue where they can express themselves. It is an activity where they gain skills and experiment. Most importantly, play, especially the physical ones, provides positive outcomes that could be beneficial for the children in the long run (Jambor Van Gils, 2007). According to researches, physically active children are more likely to develop their sensori-motor skills and physical health at a higher level compared to children who do not play at all. Because physically active children learn how to use their body parts in order to experience the sense of play, they develop more of their gross motor skills, agility, strength, and coordination. Hence, active playing, especially outdoor games, serves as children’s physical exercise and promotes their health welfare (Jambor Van Gils, 2007). To further strengthen such claim, studies on children’s play in relation to physical health reveal that physically active children are less likely to develop chronic health conditions over a lifetime. Compared to sedentary children who are prone to hypertension and obesity, physically active ones have a lower risk of acquiring premature illness or death (Roberts, 1992). Other than the physical health benefits of children’s play, it was also found to contribute to a child’s emotional and psychological development, cognitive and learning stances, as well as their socialization and self awareness (Jambor Van Gils, 2007). Based on the evidences presented, it can be inferred that promoting children’s play, most especially outdoor and physical play, is beneficial for the physical health of children. Aside from this, such activity is also seen as a child’s social arena and an imperative process of learning things outside the book. In this regard, the benefits of play do not only restrict itself to physical heath, but it also contributes to the emotional and cognitive maturity of the children which can help them become better adults in the future. How to cite Children’s Play and Their Physical Health, Papers

Treatment Plan Medical Directors Association

Question: Discuss about theTreatment Planfor Medical Directors Association. Answer: Introduction: The patient is 69 years old and is presented by Korsakoff Syndrome. It is said that she has a history of Hepatic Encephalopathy, Epilepsy, Osteoarthritis and urine incontinent. The nurse should proceed with her investigation to confirm the presence of the syndrome and then provide a treatment plan for her. The following essay would describe the diagnostic tools, assessment of the disorder and treatment plan for the same. The patient is affected by the Korsakoff syndrome. Before proceeding with the diagnostic tools and describing the procedure of the treatment approach. Under the normal conditions, thiamin plays a very important role especially in the metabolism of glucose and thereby providing energy in the brain. When thiamin gets reduced in amount, it results in an inadequate supply of thiamin to the brain more particularly in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus mainly regulates the body temperature, growth, appetite and also controls emotional response. Besides, it also controls the pituitary functions like metabolism and also different release of hormones (Oudman et al. 2014). It also harms the neural pathways that mainly take part in the different memory function in the mammalian brain. Therefore, when thiamine deficiency occurs in the brain, energy is not produced and the above mentioned side effects are observed. Symptom Analysis: The patient was a sufferer form Hepatic Encephalopathy which is an acute disorder that remains intricately associated with liver dysfunction. As the patient had a habit of drinking alcohol much more than the normal rate, it had affected her previous disorders. Chronic alcoholism mainly affects the thiamine uptake and also hampers the utilization of the thiamine. Thereby, the disorder has been the result of alcohol uptake and thereby had caused the patient to suffer a lot (Gerridzen et al., 2016). In order to explain the correct diagnostic tools, it must be mentioned that diagnosis of the disease is very difficult. I the acute cases, the patient may be noted to develop skin changes with a beefy tongue (Miguel et al., 2016). However this are just symptoms and do not confirm the disorder. Blood count, electrolytes and also liver function tests need to be conducted as diagnostic tools. In order to explain the various diagnostic tools that may help the identification of the syndrome in the patient would be the serum albumin level. This will help to measure the level of albumin in the blood and will portray whether any sort of protein deficiency is present in the blood or not, that will help to identify her nutritional deficiency. Followed by that, serum albumin test will be conducted that will help to understand the level of B1 vitamin in blood. This can be further confirmed with the enzyme activity test if the patient responds in a low enzyme activity tests, one can understand that the patient has Korsakoff syndrome (Horton et al., 2015). As the patient already have history of the hepatic encephalopathy, therefore the concerned person for the diagnosis can easily take chances with the above mentioned diagnostic tools as it is a neurological disorder in the brain occurring to persons with liver damage. Moreover the patient also has history of epilepsy that mainly occurs when the the electrical impulses in the brain are not following the usual rhythm and thereby result in seizures. Therefore alcohol uptake and the associated history of disorders already give us a clue that nutritional deficiency is mainly affecting the brains work (Atkins et al., 2015). The nurse can thereby apply another type of diagnostic tool that will mainly contain the conductance of an electrocardiogram in the absence of vitamin B1 and gain in the presence of the Vitamin B1. While she is conducting this diagnostic test for the patient, the nurse should also ensure that whether the patient had developed any brain lesions due to hepatic encephalopathy. The nurse can also undertake an MRI test that will show shrunken mammaliary bodies as well as other associated changes in the brain if the patient really has Korsakoff syndrome (Steinmetz et al., 2016). Basically, the diagnosis of the diseases is very difficult because there is no specific test that helps in identification of the diseases individually. These is mainly because the syndrome often gets masked by the symptoms of other condition common among different patient like those who misuse alcohol both involving intoxication as well as withdrawal and infection and also head injury (Risko et al., 2015). One can see here also that the patient was alcoholic and so her chances to be affected increases. Often the symptoms that the patient shows can be misunderstood with the symptoms of Alzheimers dementia. However this dementia is very different from the dementia that occur die to Korsakoff syndrome. Therefore diagnosis of the diseases has often been very difficult and is reported mainly after the death of individual after post mortem. The symptoms that the patient shows like confusion, hallucinations, apathy, communication issues, problems in learning new information and memory impairment. These are also the symptoms of many other types of mental disorders as well which make it very difficult for health care professionals to denote them. Many healthcare professionals utilize different medications for Alzheimers and when they are not recovering the patient, then only the professionals can guess about the occurrence of the diseases through the tools that are mentioned above (Svanberg Evans, 2014). When a nurse suspects the occurrence of the Korsakoff syndrome, she can further confirm her diagnosis by the incorporation of the high dose parenteral thiamin. Parenteral thiamine can itself be associated with a very small risk of anaphylactic reactions but the nurse should only provide this thiamine to the patient where proper resuscitation program would be present. If the patient really has the syndrome then she would inevitably show response of recovery. The ocular abnormality of the patient will recover at a much faster rate like within days to within a week. Ataxia will also respond within a few days only but may take about a month or so to resolve. Improvements will also be observed in the cases of the patient as the acute confusion or delirium that the patient is experiencing may also be resolved within only 1 to two days. The global confusion of the patient will also be seen to resolve and also improve within two to three weeks but may also take about one to three months for complete recovery (Marin Khan et al., 2015). Therefore, when the patient responses well to the nurses intervention of parenteral thiamine, it becomes clear that the patient is indeed responding and the vulnerability of the patient towards. Once the acute state of confusion that the patient is suffering from has been resolved, the nurse may carry out a particular type of clinical examination in order to be sure that whether any core deficits including physical examination is present or not that will help to ascertain the presence or absence of Symptoms of the disorder. The Mini- Mental State Examination (MMSE) can also help to screen whether any global confusion is present in the Korsakoff patient (Oudman et al., 2014). However researchers have stated that it is an inadequate assessment reading the memory functions. Therefore nurses nowadays also ask various types of supplementary questions in order to ensure and judge the condition of the patients (ORegan et al., 2016). As discussed above, the nurse have to thoroughly analyze the history of the the patient before doing any physical examination in order to understand the presence of the Korsakoff syndrome. She should also conduct a number of differential diagnoses in order to confirm her suspected disorder. Red cell transketolase activity usually gets decreased when thiamine deficiency takes place which can bear a signal for the syndrome (Beerens et al., 2014). Pyruvate also can get elevated and the serum thiamine levels will be low. Moreover the patient is already suffering from liver dysfunction and therefore has the hepatic encephalopathy. Therefore the nurse can easily have an idea that the alcohol consumption have been mainly the sole reason for the occurrences and can thereby claim that the patient is suffering from the Korsakoff syndrome. Symptom Management: After the nurse had conducted various diagnoses with the different diagnostic tools mentioned above and made a thorough assessment of the symptoms that the patient is facing along with the complete documental d evaluation of the history of the patient, she may prepare a treatment plan that would help to treat the patient. She should first make sure that the patient is completely avoiding alcohol. If the patient has significant alcohol dependency, she should be given thiamine supplementation. Besides, the nurse should also be sure that she should conduct adequate discharge and follow- up arrangements which are also as much important as the thiamine replacement (Rao, 2014). Proper maintenance of food and diet with adequate presence of all the important vitamins and minerals should also be ensured by the nurses so that she can provide an overall care for the patient. From the above discussion, one can come to the conclusion that the confirmation of the patient suffering from Korsakoff syndrome is very difficult. The nurse has to go through the history of the patient to make an idea of the occurrence of the diseases. From making an idea about the disorder the nurse should then try to confirm it with different medical tests that will help her to understand whether her assumptions are right. Once she is confirmed after differential diagnosis, she may proceed further and thereby implement her interventions through a detailed treatment plan which will help to cure the patient from her syndromes. Reference: Atkins, S., Rackham, K., Acevedo, J., Dowman, J. K., Fowell, A. J., Aspinall, R. J. (2015). PWE-138 Increasing burden of alcohol related brain injury is disproportionate to hospital admissions with liver disease.Gut,64(Suppl 1), A273-A273. Beerens, H. C., Sutcliffe, C., Renom-Guiteras, A., Soto, M. E., Suhonen, R., Zabalegui, A., ... RightTimePlaceCare Consortium. (2014). Quality of life and quality of care for people with dementia receiving long term institutional care or professional home care: the European RightTimePlaceCare study.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,15(1), 54-61. Gerridzen, I. J., Moerman?van den Brink, W. G., Depla, M. F., Verschuur, E. M., Veenhuizen, R. B., Wouden, J. C., ... Joling, K. J. (2016). Prevalence and severity of behavioural symptoms in patients with Korsakoff syndrome and other alcohol?related cognitive disorders: a systematic review.International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. Horton, L., Duffy, T., Hollins Martin, C., Martin, C. R. (2015). Comprehensive assessment of alcohol?related brain damage (ARBD): gap or chasm in the evidence?.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,22(1), 3-14. Martin-Khan, M., Salih, S. A., Rowland, J., Wootton, R., Gray, L. C. (2015). General practitioners, patients, and care givers support the use of a telegeriatric memory disorder consultation for older adults.Advances in Alzheimer's Disease,4(01), 1. Miguel, S., Alvira, M., Farr, M., Risco, E., Cabrera, E., Zabalegui, A. (2016). Quality of life and associated factors in older people with dementia living in long-term institutional care and home care.European Geriatric Medicine,7(4), 346-351. O'Regan, N. A., Maughan, K., Liddy, N., Fitzgerald, J., Adamis, D., Molloy, D. W., ... Timmons, S. (2016). Five short screening tests in the detection of prevalent delirium: diagnostic accuracy and performance in different neurocognitive subgroups.International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. Oudman, E., Postma, A., Van der Stigchel, S., Appelhof, B., Wijnia, J. W., Nijboer, T. C. (2014). The montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) is superior to the mini mental state examination (MMSE) in detection of Korsakoffs syndrome.The Clinical Neuropsychologist,28(7), 1123-1132. Rao, T. (2014). The role of community nursing in providing integrated care for older people with alcohol misuse.British journal of community nursing,19(2). Risco, E., Cabrera, E., Jolley, D., Stephan, A., Karlsson, S., Verbeek, H., ... RightTimePlaceCare Consortium. (2015). The association between physical dependency and the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, with the admission of people with dementia to a long-term care institution: a prospective observational cohort study.International journal of nursing studies,52(5), 980-987. Steinmetz, J. P., Theisen-Flies, C., Federspiel, C. (2016). Views on quality of life differ between alcohol related brain damaged individuals and their healthcare professionals.Applied Research in Quality of Life,11(1), 239-251. Svanberg, J., Evans, J. J. (2014). Impact of SenseCam on memory, identity and mood in Korsakoff's syndrome: A single case experimental design study.Neuropsychological rehabilitation,24(3-4), 400-418.

Avoid These 15 Career Mistakes If You Want to Get and Keep a Job

Avoid These 15 Career Mistakes If You Want to Get and Keep a Job If love is a battlefield (and we all know it is, thanks to Pat Benatar), then the career world is a minefield. There’s the resume and interview process, but the dangers don’t end once you’re hired and installed comfortably in a cubicle somewhere. Let’s take a look at some of the most common career mistakes throughout the job cycle, and what you can do to try to avoid them. 1. Before You’re Hired2. On the Job3. On Your Way Out4. Your Future CareerBefore You’re HiredThe clock for potential missteps kicks off the second you decide to apply for a job. Here’s what you should be wary of doing:1. Making blatant mistakes in the cover letter/resume.In many cases, your cover letter is your first chance to make an impression on the recruiter or hiring manager. If you go in with a bunch of obvious errors (or one really egregious one), this suggests that you might be as sloppy an employee as you appear as a candidate. Always check everything thorou ghly for typos, and if possible, have a trusted friend or family member read over any materials you’re going to release to the world.I have a friend who made the most horrible typo possible, accidentally leaving a super-vulgar mistyped word in a cover letter to a company that, shall we say, wasn’t very likely to laugh off such a word appearing in communication with them. Needless to say, he never got a call for an interview at that place. Trust me, it’s worth it to spend the time to write and revise your resume, engineering it down to every word.2. Addressing the wrong person/company.Dear Sir at Widget Company, I was excited to hear about an opening at your company. I’ve always wanted to work at Widgets R Us. I anxiously await your response. [Spoiler alert: no interview forthcoming.]3. Phoning-in the interview.Whether you don’t really want this job after all, or you think you can coast because you’re very qualified, don’t take anythin g for granted. Always bring your A-game to any interview. Even if the job is unlikely to pan out, it’s good practice, and the people who take the time to talk with you about the job will appreciate your engagement and enthusiasm.4. Not following up with a thank you.Whether the interview went awesome or terribly, always follow up quickly with a thank you note. Manners go a long way, and you never know when you’ll come across the same people in the course of a future job search.5. Being too aggressive (or not aggressive enough).The Goldilocks approach works here. Don’t go in, all iron-grip handshake and unblinking eye contact. Also don’t go in looking at the floor and answering only direct questions. Try to find a happy medium where you’re confident, but not challenging every interviewer you meet to a staring contest.6. Talk money too early in the hiring process.As the old saying goes, â€Å"he who shoots first, loses.† If you bring up salary before the company is ready to make an offer, you can come off as mercenary- or worse, you can unintentionally limit your negotiating power after you have an offer in hand. Leave the interview process for getting to know the job and presenting yourself as the best candidate, and keep the negotiating for later. There’s no real upside to discussing money early in the process, and many opportunities for it to blow back on you.7. Not negotiating at all. No matter how grateful you are to get a job, always try to negotiate the best possible salary and benefits. Companies expect this, and as long as your requests are reasonable, it’s a must-do once you have a job offer. If you don’t negotiate and try to build on the initial offer, the only one you’re hurting is yourself.On the JobOnce you’ve got the job, don’t get too complacent- you still need to be careful about making mistakes. This doesn’t necessarily mean that you need to be perfect at all times, and that errors won’t sometimes happen in the course of your job. These are more the situations to avoid in the workplace.8. Making decisions purely based on money.If you love your job but jump ship for the first opportunity that comes along and pays better, you could live to regret that. Make sure that major decisions (like accepting a job somewhere else or deciding to leave) are backed up by a number of factors you’ve considered, including salary, benefits, your overall level of happiness, and your career goals9. Keeping your head down.Working hard is super important, but you know what else is too? Connecting with coworkers. You don’t have to be best buds, but making a nominal effort to get your coworkers can really help you later on. Not only do you get comfortable with people whose faces you see every day, but you never know when an ally will come in handy in the office. Quash those introvert tendencies and make small talk the next time you find y ourself waiting at the copier with â€Å"Tim†¦uh, Something from accounting.†10. Limiting your network to people you work with.It’s great to get to know people at every level in your company (see #9). However, don’t fall into a trap where your entire active network is located within your office’s four walls. Part of the beauty of having a network is getting information and opportunities from other places, so why limit yourself? If your LinkedIn profile is mostly people you see at least four times a week at the watercooler, it’s time to branch out and start making connections with people at other companies.11. Avoiding difficult situations.Challenges are excellent experience builders. Fear of failing can make us more likely to avoid taking on unfamiliar projects and goals, but you could be hurting yourself in the long run to keep things smooth in the short term. You’re unlikely to learn new skills or gain experience if you stick narrowly to your job description. It’ll also leave you with fewer instances where you can point to genuine growth and problem solving skills.12. Not owning up to mistakes.Not wanting to get in trouble with the boss is a pretty valid feeling. However, I’m assuming that you’re human. And accordingly, mistakes will happen at some point. It’s how you deal with those that can make or break your reputation. Don’t be the person who starts looking for someone to throw under the bus when things are going wrong. Be the one who says, â€Å"this is what’s wrong, here’s how we’re going to approach this, and here’s how this will be handled moving forward.†Not only that, but you also don’t want to earn a reputation as someone who trashes coworkers to make yourself look better. If you’re leading a group and others dropped the ball, it shows better leadership skills to take responsibility for the group’s performance a nd move on than to sit there pointing fingers at everyone else.13. Saying yes to everything.This is a tough one. You want to seem like an uber-employee, able to handle everything that comes your way. However part of being that uber-employee is knowing your limits, and being able to manage priorities. Getting overwhelmed is never going to be helpful- not for you, and not for anyone who’s counting on you to do the things you said you’d do.On Your Way Out Oh, did you think that once you’ve decided to leave your job, it no longer matters what you do? Nope, you’re still on the hook. There’s still potential for things to go awry.14. Burning bridges.This popsicle stand may be blown (or about to be), but no matter how resentful or angry you feel about your soon-to-be-former job, it’s in your best interest to be gracious until your last second in the office. You never know who you’ll come across again in the future, so you don’t want th e lingering impression to be, â€Å"Oh, I remember that person. What a jerk!†Your Future CareerThere’s one more mistake you don’t want to make, and this one has nothing to do with what you’re currently doing; it has to do with limiting your future career options.15. Letting inertia get the better of you.Are you still at your job because you don’t want to rock the boat and try to leave? Are you sacrificing career goals in the interest of stability? According to Forbes’s Liz Ryan, this â€Å"falling asleep† is one of the deadliest things that can happen in your career. Always be on the lookout for new opportunities, and find ways to make these opportunities work so that you can take advantage.Taken individually, none of these career mistakes are likely to translate into being career killers. But if you’re more aware of the consequences of even the smallest career pitfalls, you’ll be that more adept in getting right around them.

Qantassaurus - Facts and Figures

Qantassaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Qantassaurus (Greek for Qantas lizard); pronounced KWAN-tah-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of Australia Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (115 million years ago) Size and Weight: About six feet long and 100 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; long legs; bipedal posture; round, blunt head with large eyes About Qantassaurus Like its close relative, the equally unpronounceable Leaellynasaura, Qantassaurus lived in Australia during a time (the early Cretaceous period) when that continent was much further south than it is today, meaning this dinosaur thrived in wintry conditions that would have killed most its kind. That explains the relatively slender size of Qantassaurusthere wouldnt have been enough vegetation in its harsh climate to supply a multi-ton herbivoreas well as its relatively large eyes, which it presumably needed to see clearly in the near-Antarctic dusk, and its longer-than-usual legs, with which it could outrun hungry predators. This ornithopod dinosaur was also distinguished by its unusually blunt face; Qantassaurus had slightly fewer teeth than its plant-eating cousins from further north. By the way, Qantassaurus, named after Australias Qantas Airlines, isnt the only prehistoric animal to pay homage to a multinational corporation; witness the ancient amphibian Fedexia, which was discovered near a Federal Express depot, as well as Atlascopcosaurus, which honors a manufacturer of mining equipment. (The husband-and-wife team that discovered Qantassaurus, Tim and Patricia Vickers-Rich, are known for bestowing unusual names on their dinosaurs; for example, Leaellynasaura was named after their daughter, and the bird mimic dinosaur Timimus after their son.)

Film Critique Double Indemnity (1944) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film Critique Double Indemnity (1944) - Essay Example The protagonist cannot hear his steps, as if he were dead already. The greatest irony is that the crime which seemed to be perfect has been solved by the insurance company in order not to lose its money. The supporting character Keyes manages to outshine the main ones in some scenes. Anyway, there is one more reason to value this film – Barbara Stanwyck created an image of a femme fatale, who is impossible to forget. Could Wilder fancy his adaptation of a non-fiction novella by J.Cain to become one of the brightest examples of film noir genre, though it failed to win at least one out of seven nominations for an Academy Award? It is doubtful. However, Double Indemnity is a classic of the genre possessing all its indispensable attributes – low-key lightning, monochromic visual style, flashback framing of the narrative, voiceover intrusions, tense atmosphere of fatalism and desperation, urban setting with its labyrinth of streets (even the drugstore seems to be a small labyrinth), well-developed archetypal characters. The storyline is rather convoluted. Wilder understood the risk of letting the murderer confess his crime at the very beginning of the film – his hopes to hold viewer’s attention were put on the twists of the plot and constantly increasing tensions. Some elements of the storyline have many times been exploited by other directors working within this genre, that is why it may seem familiar or even predictable. Dealing with insurances of any kinds, the protagonist lacks his own one in case of meeting a femme fatale. The consequences are voiced as the film begins â€Å"I didn’t get the money and I didn’t get the woman†. Perfectly elaborated dialogues cannot be left without attention – some phrases were destined to be quoted. Film characters and their relationship become canonical. A fatal blond with a

Carefully read the monologue from Shakespeare's history play Henry V Essay

Carefully read the monologue from Shakespeare's history play Henry V as in the excerpt provided. (Act 4, Scene 1, lines 227-28 - Essay Example Henry V’s oral skills as a leader The study of the works that Henry V carried out as well as the words that he uttered teach how vital good oratory skills are when it comes to being a good leader. In addition to the oral skills that Henry V posses we see that he posses more in terms of his leadership qualities. Some of the other positive leadership qualities that we see Henry V posses include the ability that many of the leaders do not have, which is the ability to socialize as well as identify with the common man as well as high levels of morality and the determination which as an overall combination with the determination that he posses made him one of the great leaders. The quality of the way that Henry presents his words is amazing, which can be largely attributed to the fact that he can change rhetoric styles to suit the mood that is in demand in terms of what the audience wants to hear to act in the ways that he wants. An example of the latter statement includes some of the instances whereby we see that he has to persuade his men that he is one of them and that there is a bong between him and them that can only exist between brothers. The use of the rhetoric styles that King Henry uses in times that his men are in the need to hear them most bring them to a mood as well as an atmosphere that brings them back to their sense of focus. To create a sort of bond between him and his men, w sees that Henry comes to the use of words such as ‘yours’ and ‘our’. As per the oral skills of Henry, it is evident that a lot of literature skills can be learned when studying the aspects as well as the words of great leaders such as Henry V (Sucher, 2007) Rhetoric skills of a leader As per the context of Shakespeare, we see that Henry has rhetorical skills that can be termed as excellent. Just as any leader who may be termed as great, we see that Henry v not only posses the rhetorical skills, but he also uses them in inspiring the men that ar e going to war with him before the battle. One of the things that he does before the war inspires his men to go out and fight with determination as well as passion, although they are worn out as well as weak with the odds that presented themselves being impossible in the battle of Agincourt. Despite these challenges, we see that Henry V is still able to uplift the moods as well as inspire the men, who are facing the challenges and odds with him (Loehlin, 2000). Henry V- A leader as a common man One of the things that made Henry V a great leader is the detail mentioned earlier about the ability of a chosen leader to be able to relate as well as be humble enough to listen to the common citizen as well as have respect for them. All the latter mentioned capabilities are all in the possession of Henry V and he uses them well as the text show in the period of the year 1415 before the Agincourt battle. We see that Henry V takes a disguise as an ordinary soldier as he moves about in the cam p in a quiet manner whereas giving courage to the men that were about to go to war with him. One of the things that makes Henry a great leader in contrast to many other leaders of the day then and today include the ability of being able to connect as well as exchange ideas with

Using Thin Layer Chromatography To Monitor Reactions Environmental Sciences Essay

Using Thin Layer Chromatography To Monitor Reactions Environmental Sciences Essay Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a very useful technique for monitoring reactions. It can also be used to determine the proper solvent system for performing separations using column chromatography. TLC stationary phases are usually alumina or silica. They are polar for standard experiments or non-polar for reverse phase chromatography. The mobile phase is a solvent whose polarity is chosen by the person conducting the experiment. In most laboratory work standard phase silica plates are used. Different compounds will travel different distances up the plate depending on the polarity of the components of the mixture. The more polar compounds will be more attracted to the polar silica gel and travel shorter distances on the plate. Mon-polar substances will spend more time in the mobile phase and as a result will travel larger distances on the plate. The measure of the distance a compound travels is called the retention factor (Rf ) value. The retention factor, or Rf, is defined as the distance traveled by the compound divided by the distance traveled by the solvent. For example, if a compound travels 2.1 cm and the solvent front travels 2.8 cm, the Rf is 0.75: The Rf for a compound is a constant from one experiment to the next only if the chromatography conditions below are also constant: solvent system adsorbent thickness of the adsorbent amount of material spotted temperature Since these factors are difficult to keep constant from experiment to experiment, relative Rf values are generally considered. Relative Rf means that the values are reported relative to a standard, or it means that you compare the Rf values of compounds run on the same plate at the same time. 1.1 Thin Layer Chromatography There have been a numbered of important milestones in the evolution of chromatography in the last 100 years. Each of these milestones has signalled the start of an important branch of chromatography. Some examples of these are; partition chromatography (1941), gas chromatography (1951-1952), high performance liquid chromatography (mid- 1960s), capillary electrophoresis (1980) and capillary electrochromatography (past decade). In all the chromatographic techniques mentioned, separation is carried out in a column. However, it is also possible to carry out separations on a planar surface. Two examples of this are paper chromatography (1944) and thin-layer chromatography (1937-1938). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) replaced paper chromatography as the most popular, routine chromatographic technique. TLC was first used in 1937 to 1938 by Nikolai A. Izmailov and Maria S. Shraiber at the Institute of Experimental Pharmacy of the State University of Kharkov. At the time Izmailov was the head of the institute and Shraiber was his graduate student. They were searching for a method for the rapid analysis of galenic pharmaceutical preparations (plant extracts). As classical column chromatography would have taken too much time they felt that if the absorbent would be prepared in the form of a thin-layer on a glass plate. They believed that it would behave like a column but the characterization time would be much shorter. They coated microscope slides with a suspension of various adsorbents (calcium, magnesium and aluminium oxides). They deposited one drop of the sample solution on this layer and added one drop of the same solvent used in a column to develop separation. The test was a success as the separated sample components appeared as concentric rings that fluoresced in various colour s under a UV lamp. They showed that the sequence of the concentric multicoloured rings on the plate would have been identical to the sequence of coloured rings obtained on a normal chromatographic column. They called this technique spot chromatography and the result on the microscope slides ultrachromatograms. The paper on this experiment was published in a Russian pharmaceutical journal that was practically unknown outside the then Soviet Union. Its abstract was included in a Russian review journal and through it in chemical Abstracts. It was then read by M. OL. Crowe of the New York State Department of Health. He then adapted the technique for his own use. Crowe prepared the adsorbent layer in a Petri dish, added a drop of the sample solution in the centre and then added the developing solvent dropwise until sufficient separation was obtained. In 1947 T.I. Williams described a further improvement of the method of Izmailov and Shraiber in his textbook on chromatography. He prepared the adsorbent-coated glass plates in the form of a sandwich. The adsorbent layer was covered by 2 glass plates and had a small hole which the sample drops could be applied through. Meinhard and Hall made the next major step in the development of TLC at the University of Wisconsin. They used corn starch, which acted as a binder, to hold the coating on the glass plate and added a small amount of Celite powder to the adsorbent particles to improve the consistency of the layer. They called this surface chromatography. They used it to separate inorganic ions. Modern TLC started 50 years ago with the work Department of Agriculture Fruit and Vegetable laboratory in Southern California. He investigated the flavour components of the juices of citrus fruits. However, he stated that very large volumes had to be processed because the amount of flavour material was extremely small. Another problem was in finding an analytical method for the investigation of the juice concentrate composition. He followed the method of Meinhard and Hall that he read in Chemical Abstracts. However, instead of adding just a drop of the developing solvent he developed the plates as in paper chromatography. The plates were developed in a closed chamber and one side was dipped into the solvent. The solvent then ascended through the plate by capillary action. It carried with it the sample components and they were separated as a result. The experiments carried out were published and are considered the start of modern TLC. Egon Stahl was responsible for TLC becoming a universally accepted technique. He was also the first to use the term thin-layer chromatography to characterize the technique. This choice of name was almost immediately accepted. Stahl investigated various essential oils and obtained good results using adsorbent-coated glass plates. However, neither the method nor the adsorbent to be used had been optimized. Also, the adsorbents had to be modified and treated before they could be used for the coating of plates. Stahl started investigating the operational parameters and the adsorbent preparations. In the spring of 1958 his efforts were fulfilled as the necessary basic instrumentation, made by Desaga and silica gel G according to Stahl for TLC, made by E. Merck were both introduced at the international Achema exhibition of chemical equipment in Frankfurt. Stahl also published an article outlining the use of the system and a wide range of applications. Because of this standardized method TLC became a widely used laboratory technique. He also went on to publish a TLC handbook in 1962. Although TLC had a wide application it was still thought to be a qualitative technique for the analysis of simple mixtures. As a result advances were directed toward improving the technique. Instrumentation which permitted more precise spotting of the sample onto the plates and the quantitative evaluation of the separated spots was developed. Faster analysis and higher separation power was also achieved. As a result of the higher performance ability the name was change to high-performance TLC (HPTLC) by R.E. Kaiser, who was instrumental in its development. The particle size and range of the adsorbent was the main difference between TLC and HPTLC. The silica gel for TLC had broad particle sizes of 10-60 µm with an average of 20 µm whereas HPTLC has an average of only 5 µm. the HPTLC plates were also smaller in comparison with TLC plates, 10 x 10cm and 20 x 20cm respectively. The improved method and design allowed reduction in the diameter of the starting spots. These improvements lowered the analysis time and increased the efficiency. Problems arose with flow rate which Kaiser overcame by applying pressure to the TLC plate. This in turn led to forced-flow TLC. Due to the constant condensation-evaporation process associated with developing TLC plates in developing chambers problems can be encountered because of the changing velocity of the mobile phase. To overcome this forced-flow TLC (FFTLC) was developed by Tyihà ¡k, Mincsovics and Kalà ¡sz. In this method the spotted plates (dry) are placed into a pressurized development chamber. The stationary-phase layer is tightly covered and sealed on its side by an elastic membrane and pressurized by an inert gas or water filling up the cushion above the layer. The mobile phase is delivered via a pump at a constant velocity through a slit in the membrane to the stationary phase. There are various configurations which can be handled using this method. TLC is a very simple technique. As a result very little instrumentation is needed. Application of samples to the stationary-phase is carried out using a micropipette or syringe. The developing chambers are simple glass structures. Detection is carried out by visual inspection or made visible by spraying the plate with reagent. Also, a wide variety of precoated plates are available so coating equipment isnt needed. In more advanced systems the samples may be spotted by automated loading devices (dosimeters). This allows the application of small and uniform sample spots. More sophisticated developing chambers are also available (FFTLC). The plates can be scanned by densitometers and quantitatively analysed using absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Chromatograms with peaks of the individual separated spots recorded against the length of the plate are produced with such analyses. Their area is also a proportion to the amount present. More complex systems can also be created by combining TLC systems with other systems such as mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared. 1.2 Ink Analysis Ink analysis is a very important forensic procedure. It can reveal useful information about questioned document. Modern inks contain many substances which are aimed at improving the ink. The most important component of the ink is the colouring material. It comes in the form of a dye, pigment or a combination of both. Dyes are soluble in the liquid body of the ink, also known as the vehicle. Pigments are finely ground multi-molecular granules that are insoluble in the vehicle. The vehicles composition affects the flowing and drying characteristics of the ink and can consist of oils, solvents and resins. 1.3 Chromatography Studies Djozan et al developed a new and fast method for the differentiation of inks on a questioned document. They designed specific image analysis software for evaluating thin layer chromatograms. They sampled forty-one blue ballpoint pens which were purchased from their local markets in Iran (Table 1). They first wrote a circle of diameter 5 mm uniformly by pen on a paper. One fourth of this was then punched out for extraction. They carried out extraction in 1 ml glass tubes and added 0.1 ml of methanol. This was then vigorously shaken for 1 min. the ink component was then fully dissolved in methanol. The supernatant methanoic solutions were then used to spot the TLC plates. A blank sample of paper with equal dimensions was also treated in the same way. Table 1. List of blue ballpoint pens studied List of blue ballpoint pens studied 1 Cello pyramid 0.7 mm fine TC ball 2 OBA 3 AIHAO 4 Bic 01 5 Cenator 6 PARKER 7 A.T.CROSS FINE 8 Pelikan STICK 918 9 Marvy SB-10 1.0 mm 10 Bic 02 11 PIANO crystal 12 My pen 2001 PENS High Quality Bluce CE 13 AIBA 14 STAEDTLER Stick 430M A IRAN 15 Reynolds Medium 048 France 16 EIFEL Elegance 17 CASPIAN STICK 2001 M 18 STABILO liner 308 19 FABER-CASTELL 1.0 mm Medium (transparent) 20 BIC 08 21 Bocheng A-100 22 SCHNEIDER TOPS 505 M Germany 23 FIBER-CASTELL 1.0 mm Medium 24 MILAN PI 1 mm 25 Reform 26 PAPER = MATE FLEXGRIP ultra MED 27 PARKER UK 28 CANDID-DINI 2853 29 STABILO-galaxy 818 M 30 No name 31 No name 32 Zebra Rubber 101 33 SANFORD SAGA 34 Bensia 35 Girls 36 EUROPEN 37 PARS swiss Refill 606 38 STAEDTLER stick 430 M TBRITAIN 39 Lus HF 500 40 No name 41 STABILO bill 508 TLC analysis was carried out on Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) 20 cm x 20 cm silica gel 60 TLC plates without fluorescent indicator. The plates were activated at 60  °C for 20 min and immediately spotted after cooling in a desiccator. The plates were developed in a developing chamber. The mobile phase used was: ethyl acetate/ absolute ethanol/ distilled water (70:35:30, v/v/v). Chromatographic development of the plates was carried out at room temperature for 40 min. All mobile phases were prepared daily with analytical grade chemicals. Enough was prepared to supply the tank for each run. The plates were air-dried after development. The separated compounds were visible on the plate by their natural colour and the plates were scanned into a computer using an office scanner. An IBM compatible PC (Pentium IV) with a 2.6 GHz microprocessor, 256 MB random access memory (RAM) and a hard disk with 40 GB capacity for external storage was used for processing the colour images. The computer was equipped with an on-board graphic card (NviDiA Geforce 7300LE) and a scanner (CanoScan 4200F) was connected to the computer for scanning (300 dpi) TLC plates as digital images. The images were saved as bmp files. Matlab (Version 6.5, The Math Works, Inc.) was used to write a new program to process the previously saved images. Previous studies indicated that Pyridine is the solvent used with ballpoint pen inks. Djozan et al preformed extraction with different solvents using various extraction modes. These modes were immersion of paper into solvent and simple agitation for 1 min, ultra-sound assisted extraction and micro-wave assistance extraction. The results showed that the immersion of paper into methanol or pyridine and simple agitation resulted in complete extraction of the inks from paper (Table 2). Table 2. List of solvents used for extraction of ink components from paper Solvent Solubility of ink colours Ethyl acetate Ethanol Acetic acid Acetone Butanol 1,2-Dichloroethane Butyl acetate Tetrachloroethane Acetyl acetate Cyclohexane Methanol Pyridine Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Slightly Soluble Soluble No improvement was found using ultra-sound or micro-wave assisted extraction. Methanol was chosen as the extraction solvent due to the safety of the solvent. The selection of the plate was down to the fact that silica gel plates provided the best resolution of dye spots. They selected five mobile phases (Table 3) and found that ethyl acetate/ absolute ethanol/ distilled water (70:35:30, v/v/v) was effective in separating nearly all the dye mixtures. The spot capacity obtained was more than 15. Table 3. Different solvent systems used to develop plate Solvent System Ratio Spot capacity Butanol:ethanol:H2O Ethyl acetate:cyclohexane:methanol:NH3 Ethyl acetate:Butanol:NH3 Ethyl acetate:ethanol:H2O Toluene:acetone:ethanol:NH3 50:15:10 70:15:10:5 60:35:5 70:35:30 30:60:7:2 9 5 10 15 5 Fig. 1. Typical TLC results of 10 different ink samples (Djozan et al, 2008) Fig. 1. shows a typical chromatogram that they achieved in their experiment. To confirm complete separation of all components in the studied sample, two-dimensional (2D) TLC was carried out using various solvent systems. The results proved that the one-dimensional (1D) TLC is able to provide sufficient separation. The first stage carried out was colour image normalization. A function of the input images was computed that is invariant to confounding scene properties but was discriminative with respect to desired scene information. The calculation is as follows: Stage 2 is to compute a colour image profile. The intensity profile of an image is the set intensity values taken from regularly spaced points along a line segment in an image the intensity values are interpolated for points that dont fall on the centre pixel they computed an intensity profile for r, g and b images along the line passing through the centre of the image on the chromatographic development straight of each ink spot. Fig. 2. RGB characteristic of an ink after TLC (Djozan et al, 2008) In stage 3 the colour image profiles were correlated. The intensity profiles were considered as sequences and the normalized cross-correlation of sequences were computed. Cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two signals. It is used to find features in an unknown signal and compared to a known signal. It is calculated as follows for discrete functions: Eq. (1) For image-processing applications in which the brightness of the images can be due to lighting and exposure conditions, the images can be first normalized. It is calculated as follows: Eq. (2) Stage 4 involved computing image similarity. The weighted mean of and were computed as follows: Eq. (3) The ability of the method to differentiate between various blue ballpoint pens was evaluated by comparing the similarity of different inks according to Eq. (3). Fig. 3. Screen shot of Matlab software running (Djozan et al, 2008) Fig. 4. All possible combination of comparing inks with TLC-IA (Djozan et al, 2008) In 2006 Liu et al published a paper on the classification of black gel pen inks by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography. They stated that black gel inks usually contain several dye components. These components all have different colours and are mixed together proportionally to give the black colour. They used reverse-phase ion-pairing high performance chromatography (RP-IP-HPLC). It was done in such a manner as the dyes couldnt be reversed on the C18 column due to their high polarities. The maximum UV absorption bands of the black gel pen inks obtained were between 500 and 700 nm. The wavelength of the detector was set to 580 nm as most of the dyes had a maximum UV adsorption near 580 nm. They investigated the influence of both volatile and non-volatile ion-pairing reagents on the HPLC analysis of black gel pen ink dyes. All the reagents had different alkyl chain, ammonium acetate, triethylamine (TEA), tributylamine (TBA), dihexylamine (DHA) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr). The results revealed that the dyes were nearly not retained using ammonium acetate or TEA as the ion-pairing reagent. Using TBABr, TBA and DHA as the ion-pairing reagent, individually, the dyes were separated. TBABr was selected as the ion-pairing reagent as the retention times were shorter than the others and sharper peaks were obtained. They also investigated the buffer solution concentrations and the effect of pH on the separation. The optimum result was: 40 mmol/L TBABr buffer solution (pH 7) with acetonitrile as the organic modifier for IP-HPLC analysis and an identical proportion of the buffer and acetonitrile (v/v = 40:60) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. these optimum conditions were used to separate 50 dye-based black gel pen inks by IP-HPLC. Liu et al carried out another study on ion-pairing HPLC in 2006. This time, however, they studied the degradation of blue gel pen dyes and also used electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. They used ion-pairing reversed phase liquid chromatography as the inorganic compounds they were analysing have weak retention on the ordinary reversed stationary phases when separating on HPLC. This is due to their high polarities. The UV detector was set at 580 nm for the analysis as most dyes have a normal maximum absorption near 580 nm. The UV absorptions of the fluorescence whitening reagents in paper are usually below 500 nm and they had no interference for the detection of the gel pen dyes at 580 nm. Fig. 5. Chromatograms of blue gel pen inks using different ion pairing reagents (Liu et al, 2006) The tested various mobile phases: eluent A: eluent B (acetonitrile) = 50:50 (v/v); eluent A was the buffer of ion pairing reagent with concentration of 40 mmol Là ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 (pH 7.0), and the ion pairing reagent was (a) ammonium acetate, (b) TEA acetate, (d) TBA acetate, (e) DHA acetate and (f) TBABr, respectively. (c) Ammonium carbonate as eluent A (40 mmol Là ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, pH 9.5) and eluent A:eluent B (acetonitrile) = 50:50 (v/v). they found that 10 mmol-1 TBA acetate (pH 7.0) was suitable ion-pairing agent for the purpose and ink samples stored in different conditions were analyzed by IP-HPLC. Significant changes of ink composition were observed. The noticed that the natural aged inks had the similar but weaker degradation trend than the light aged inks. They used HPLC-MS/MS with ammonium carbonate as ion-pairing reagent to obtain the information of the light aged inks and their photodegradation mechanism. In 1994, Varshney et al analysed ink from typed script of electronic typewriters by HPTLC. They used script from seven electronic typewriters. They used the resultant Rf values and in-situ visible spectra of each resolved band of all the chromatograms indicated that the same chemical composition is being used in six typewriter ribbon inks. However, the seventh one is completely different. Fig. 6. Wavelength maxima values of in-situ visible spectrum bands of electronic typewriter scripts (Varshney et al, 1994) Fig. 6. shows the densitograms obtained after scanning and integration of the chromatograms of tracks of individual typewriters and blank paper. The seven electronic typewriter inks could be categorised into two groups after analysis. The first group resolved the sample to four bands including the base. The second group did not resolve the samples at all with the solvent systems used. Several varieties of blue ballpoint pen inks were analysed by HPLC and IR spectroscopy by Kher et al in 2006. The chromatographic data extracted at four wavelengths (254, 279, 370 and 400 nm) was analyzed individually and at a combination of these wavelengths by the soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) technique. They used principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the separation between the pen samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) measured the probability with which an observation could be assigned to a pen class. The best resolution was obtained by HPLC using data from all four wavelengths together, differentiating 96.4% pen pairs successfully using PCA and 97.9% pen samples by LDA. PCA separated 60.7% of the pen pairs and LDA provided a correct classification of 62.5% of the pens analyzed by IR. They stated that HPLC coupled with chemometrics provided a better discrimination of ballpoint pen inks compared to IR. Kher et al effectively combined LDA and PCA to classify the HPLC and IR data. PCA gives a general idea of how different a given pair of pens is, whereas LDA can quantify the predictive ability of a generated classification model. The two techniques of PCA and LDA were shown to be complimentary to each other. The PCA and LDA results indicated that although IR cannot differentiate between all classes of pen inks, it can still provide a reasonable discrimination, which can be enhanced further by improving the quality of the spectra. The analysis of such an enhanced IR data with chemometric analyses would provide a valuable non-destructive tool for forensic analyses. Raman Spectroscopy Studies Mazzella and Buzini used Raman spectroscopy to analyse blue gel pen inks in 2004. They sampled 55 blue gel pens. They first separated them into two groups using a preliminary solubility test in methanol. They discovered that 36 were pigmented inks, which arent soluble in methanol, and 19 were dye-based inks, which are soluble in methanol. They applied Raman spectroscopy to the 36 pigmented blue gel inks. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique. Spectra were first obtained using the 514.5 nm argon ion laser which proved the observation of 4 different groups. They then used the 830 nm NIR diode laser and divided the inks into three groups. They then combined the two lasers and a separation into 5 groups was obtained. They then attempted to identify the pigments contained in the gel by comparison to standard pigments. Two main pigments were detected in the analysed samples: PB15 and PV23. PB 15 is pigment blue 15 and belongs to the class of phthalocyanines. PV23 is the pigment violet 23 and belongs to the class oxazines. The argon laser allowed the detection of a mixture of PB 15 and PV 23. This was a better result than using the NIR diode laser. The results showed that the same gel pen ink (same model and brand) from different geographical locations showed the same Raman spectra. However, it was stated that the Raman technique obtained low discriminating values. 2. Materials and Method 2.1 Materials: Blue ballpoint pens Merck silica gel 60 TLC plates (20 cm x 20 cm) Methanol Ethyl acetate Ethanol (absolute) Paper Dessicator Developing chamber Puncher Glass tubes (0.1 ml) Capillary tubes 2.2 Experimental 13 blue ball-point pens (Table 1) were bought from a number of different shops in the town. A circle with a diameter of 5mm was written by the pen on paper. One fourth of it was punched out for extraction. The samples are placed in 1 ml glass tubes. 0.1ml of methanol was added and vigorously shaken for 1 min. The ink component was fully dissolved in methanol. The supernatant methanoic solutions were used for spot application on TLC plate. A blank of paper only is also treated as was a control which was a permanent marker. TLC analyses were preformed using Alugram 20 cm x 10 cm silica gel/UV plates (Macherey-Nagel). The plates were activated at 60 °C for 20 min and immediately after, cooled in a desiccator, and spotted. The plates were developed in a horizontal developing chamber. The solvent system included: ethyl acetate/absolute ethanol/ distilled water (70:35:30, v/v/v). Development was preformed at room temperature for 40 min. All mobile phases were prepared daily. After develo pment the plates were air-dried. All 13 different pens were tested in triplicate. Retention factors were calculated using the results from the plates and photographs taken using a digital camera were loaded onto the computer and analysed using image analysis software. Table 1: List of pens analysed Number Description 1 No Brand (blue) 2 Pilot G-207 3 BIC ReAction 4 BIC Medium (Bought in Tesco) 5 BIC Medium (Bought in Dunnes) 6 No Brand (Purple) 7 Staedtler Stick 430M 8 Roller Pen 9 Papermate 1.2M 10 Scripto Stick Pen 11 Papermate Write Bros. 12 Comfort Touch 13 No Brand (Tesco Click Pen) 3. Results and Discussion Before carrying out the experiment it needed to be researched. This research pointed out the importance of the correct solvent to remove the ink from the document. Djozan et al used methanol as their choice of solvent after considering other solvents (Table 2). They stated that Pyridine was the reported solvent used with ball-point pen inks. However, they carried out extractions with different solvents using various extraction modes. They realised that immersion of the paper into methanol with agitation resulted in complete extraction of the inks from the paper. Methanol was also chosen because of its safety. Table 2: List of solvents used for the extraction of ink components from paper Solvent Solubility of ink colours Ethyl acetate Slightly Ethanol Slightly Acetic Acid Slightly Acetone Slightly Butanol Slightly 1,2-Dichloroethane Slightly Butyl acetate Slightly Tetrachloroethane Slightly Acethyl acetate Slightly Cyclohexan Slightly Methanol Soluble Oyridine Soluble Different concentrations of the solvent system (Table 3) were analysed to see which gave the greater separation. It was found that the concentration given by Djozan et al, (ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water (70:35:30, v/v/v)) gave the best results. The Alugram silica Gell/UV plates were also found to work better than the suggested, Merck silica gel 60, plates without fluorescent indicator. Table 3: Concentrations of solvent system investigated Number Solvent system 1 ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (70:35:30, v/v/v) 2 ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (70:30:35, v/v/v) 3 ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (70:25:40, v/v/v) 4 ethyl acetate, ethanol, water (70:40:25, v/v/v) Table 4: Retention factors for all separated components pen spot 1 spot 2 spot 3 spot 4 spot 5 Solvent RF1 RF2 RF3 RF4 RF5 1.1 70 73 0.958904 1.2 70 73 0.958904 1.2 70 73 0.958904 2.1 62 69 73 0.849315 81.24194 2.2 62 69 73 0.849315 81.24194 2.3 62 69 73 0.849315 81.24194 3.1 57 60 62 70 0.814286

How does Brian Friel establish the theme of language Essay

How does Brian Friel establish the theme of language and its effects on communication, power and identity in Act one? In the play Translations, language and its effects is clearly one of the central themes. This is evident because the characters all show what language means to them ranging from Hugh who uses his knowledge of languages as a form of power over the British to Owen who does not show any concern for his language and identity and allows the British to call him Roland. Furthermore the title of the play Translations is ironic because although one of the themes of the play is keeping your identity the book itself looses its identity. This is because although the play is written by an Irish author and set in Ireland, it is written in English. Thus the title foreshadows the outcome of the play. One of the ways Brain Friel establishes the theme of language is by using Sarah as a device to convey the bare minimum of language. Her limited knowledge of language limits her communication. However this could also be a benefit to her as she is able to have secrets without being expected to share them. Sarah is first introduced in the play by the stage directions which say â€Å"Sarah shakes her head vigorously and stubbornly† this is because Manus wants her to speak so she has an identity in the world. This could foreshadow that the Irish, who do not want to speak English will be forced too for there own good as it will help their country prosper. The character Sarah can be interpreted as the symbol of Ireland due to the play opening with her trying to claim her identity by saying â€Å"My name is Sarah†. This achievement of Sarah saying her name at the start of the play shows just how powerful language can be as just a few words can turn you from someone who is unknown to a person who has status in the world. Manus understands this and reacts by saying â€Å"nothing’ll stop us now†. This can either be interpreted as nothing will stop Sarah from learning Gaelic now or that the â€Å"now† in the quote refers to all of Ireland and that as long as people are still learning Gaelic the British will not stamp out their language. The character Manus is Hugh’s eldest son and is a teacher at Hedge School. The relationship that Manus has with his father is made very clear by Brain Freil when Hugh first enters the play as he treats Manus like a slave by handing him his hat and coat â€Å"as, if to a footman†. Brain Friel shows that due to Manus’s lack of communication with his father and his willingness to do all the things his father asks of him, that he has become a servant. Out of all the characters in the play it is only Manus who really sees the British as an enemy in the First Act. This is likely to be because Manus clearly loves his country and his language and sees these two things as part of his identity. Also although the play is not overtly political, political issues do run under the surface. For example when Dan Doalty moves the British’s poles Manus says this is just a â€Å"gesture† to indicate a â€Å"presence†. However when analysing Doalty’s character it can easily be seen that it is highly unlikely he was doing it for this reason and was more likely just looking to make fun of the British. Furthermore Manus is the only one who sees Owen’s job as traitorous to Ireland. All the other characters do not even mention it. However although Manus feels this way about Owen, he himself is guilty of betrayal as he â€Å"ignores† Sarah when she tells him that she said her name. As Sarah symbolises Ireland’s identity ignoring her is like a betrayal to Ireland. The character Jimmy, although contributing to the comedy in act one when Doalty and Bridget are making fun of him. I believe also that this represents just how different the British and Irish culture was in the nineteenth century as his character reveals that in Ireland even the most poor man can speak Greek and Latin. In England it is most likely only the richer upper class people would be able to speak these languages revealing that language doesn’t represent status in Ireland. Furthermore Jimmy’s character is also the only character that stays true to his identity as he is unable to speak English and shows know signs of wishing to learn English â€Å"I have only Irish†. However although Jimmy shows know signs of wanting to learn English his love of Latin and Greek have caused him to be unable to communicate properly with other characters as they only speak Gaelic. Thus Jimmy portrays what could happen to Ireland if they do not learn English as they will be cut off from the world. Additionally Jimmy’s character also uses his knowledge of languages as a power over the British as he mocks captain Lancey for not being able to speak Latin â€Å"Nonne Latine loquitur?†. Brain Friel also shows that due to Jimmy’s reading of Greek stories such as the â€Å"Odyssey† he has created an alternative reality for himself in which figures of myth are as real to him as the people he sees everyday. This is revealed as he imagines situations when he would have to choose between Athene, Artimis and Helen. Due to these fantasies Manus calls Jimmy â€Å"a bloody dangerous man† suggesting that living in the past is dangerous. Thus foreshadowing that Manus, who does not embrace the English language in his country, may be dangerous as he is still living in the past The characters captain Lancey and Yolland although both working for the British army have very different views on what they have been ordered to do in Ireland. This is apparent by the way that they act when they first meet the Irish people. Captain Lancey who clearly symbolises England as his manner is polite and imperative, is very patronising when he talks, thinking that if he just talks slow and loud as if to a child the Irish will some how be able to understand him â€Å"a picture- you understand picture?†. However even though he uses this patronising tone it is clearly unjustified because when jimmy asks him â€Å"Nonne Latine loquitur?† he mistakes it for Gaelic showing that he is not as intelligent as them. Furthermore the language used by Lancey although already in English is very political and imperialistic and it is likely some British people wouldn’t understand what he was saying. In comparison Yolland although a soldier has few characteristics normally associated with the military as he is shy and awkward. This is shown when Yolland says â€Å"I – I – I’ve nothing to say – really -â€Å". The quote reveals that he is not uncomfortable being in Hedge Schools as he stutters. Furthermore unlike Lancey, Yolland is uneasy about not being able to speak Gaelic as he says â€Å"Sorry – sorry† when he can’t understand Maire. Additionally Yolland shows very clearly that he values language and identity as he wishes to learn G aelic. The â€Å"strong-minded, strong bodied women† Maire is a very pragmatic character as she will do things to better herself. This is shown by her willing to embrace the future and learn English so that she can move to America as it is the land of opportunities. This reveals that learning English to Maire is a form of power as it will allow her to escape her poor life in Ireland. However although she desires this, there is a clear uncertainty in what Maire wants as she speaks approvingly of â€Å"modern progress† but on other occasions finds comfort in the belief that things will never change. This is shown when she talks about Baile Beag’s potato crop never failing. The repetition of the word â€Å"never† suggests that her willingness to embrace the future is idealistic and selective showing that she wants some things to change while finding a misplaced assurance in the belief that something’s will never change. This could suggest that although she is willing to give up part of her identity, she is comforted by the fact that it is unlikely to happen. The character Owen is Hugh’s youngest son an presents a striking contrast to Manus, as he is lively and charming. Furthermore although Owen is the son who left his father to pursue his own ambitions he is treated more warmly then Manus. This could be why Owen and Manus’s relationship is uneasy. Owen can either be interpreted as a traitor or as a pragmatic character like Maire. This is because although Owen is helping the British â€Å"standardise† Irish place names, he could just be doing this as he believes embracing English is the only way Ireland will prosper. However due to Owen allowing the British to call him Roland, which is a common British name it is likely that the former is true. This is further apparent as when questioned by Manus about why the British call him Roland he replies with â€Å"It’s only a name. It’s the same me isn’t it?†. This quote reveals that Owen places know value in his identity. Owen’s translation of what Lancey is saying on pages 31/32 also show how Owen uses his ability to communicate with the English as power over the Irish. This is because his mistranslation of what Lancey is saying to the Irish allows Owen to make it seem that the British are in their country to help them, not remove their language. The character Hugh although conveyed as a figure of dignity in Baile Beag is ironically a heavy drinker and is shown little respect by characters such as Daolty as he mocks him behind his back by impersonating the way he acts. Hugh, who is fluent in English, Latin, Greek and Gaelic is very critical of the British language referring to it as a language for traders. Furthermore the distain with which he speaks of Lancey for not knowing any Gaelic, Latin and Irish shows how he uses his knowledge of languages as a weapon against the British as he is able to show his superior intelligence. In conclusion Brain Friel’s uses characters, dramatic setting and many other devices to show how language plays a key role in this play. Furthermore his use of characters in the play to convey the bare minimum of language (Sarah) and the height of language (Hugh) add to the effect of how he uses language.