William Pickton Anthropology - 1495 Words

After reading the article in assignment one, complete the following questions. 1. Analyse the behaviour of William Pickton using the three different social science perspectives. Choose one theory from psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Using each perspective, write a one page analysis of the behaviour of William Pickton. Write a perspective for each social theory (three pages in total). 2. Write a hypothesis to research a serial murderer using the following social science theories: Psychoanalysis, Functionalism, and Feminism. For example, a Marxist could look at the economic inequalities as a means of promoting a feeling of helplessness. This helpless feeling could promote feelings of anger against anyone who possesses any†¦show more content†¦The RCMP became involved in 2001. The families also say police neglected the cases because many of the women were prostitutes and drug addicts. It wasnt until August of 2001 that Vancouver police began hinting that a serial killer could be responsible for the disappearance of the missing women. At the time 31 women had vanished, but four had been accounted for and two of those were confirmed dead. Dr. Elliott Leyton, an anthropology professor at Memorial University in St. Johns, Newfoundland, who wrote a book on serial killers called Hunting Humans, says that police are rightly reluctant to identify serial murders because public panic often follows. Responsible people have to be careful about making wild pronouncements about possible serial killers, Leyton says. And when we are not sure if it is true, then it is inappropriate to throw people into a state of panic. Prostitution is a very dangerous profession and many of the people in it are wanderers and not well-connected to any conventional system of government controls or social services. So they can drift away from the system without being noticed for a very long time, even when nothing may have actually happened to them. 5. Leyton argues that it may be irresponsible to assume that a serial killer may be at work in Vancouver. The RCMP task force has repeatedly said that it cannot speak about the ongoing investigation and only concedes that a serial killer may be

Modern US history Free Essays

As an intellectual enterprise, contemporary social sciences are replete with claims of social collapse. Over the last 20 years, scholars have proclaimed â€Å"the end of history,† â€Å"the end of politics,† â€Å"the end of work,† â€Å"the end of the family,† â€Å"the end of liberalism,† â€Å"the end of medicine,† â€Å"the end of ideology,† â€Å"the end of individualism.† There is little doubt that we are experiencing massive social change. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern US history or any similar topic only for you Order Now As we are approaching the year’s end, something new is emerging, helter-skelter, in our midst that bears little resemblance to any existing political, theological, or sociological model of how the world is supposed to work. The social shifts are sufficiently different in character to have produced a new social form, one suitably widespread and anchored to become visible. This claim of a new social form lies at the heart of the postmodern contention that we have entered an era of ambiguity, and we argue that postmodernists advance this claim in a way that sociologist cannot ignore. While they are right on target in capturing the spirit of rapid social change that characterizes the present era, their embrace of the resulting â€Å"chaos† as a new social form is misguided: they mistake an era of societal transition for a new enduring social structure or even a hybrid of modern society. In historical perspective, what we are now experiencing bears a striking similarity to the place on the cultural and historical map that created sociology at the end of the last century. Rising suicide rates, the growing prominence of Protestant countries and the subsequent demise of Catholicism’s hold on the Western world, and the movement from agricultural to industrial production all have their parallels in the current social era. Rather than embracing the change and ambiguity they surveyed, and mistaking it for what â€Å"modern† society would be. One of the major tasks of sociology at the turn of this year is to struggle to understand the new institutional and personal structures that characterize contemporary social forms and not abdicate to other disciplines the task of making sense of emergent societal transitions and structures. A widespread belief seems to be emerging that the U.S. economy is in the throes of a fundamental transformation. The true enthusiasts treat the new economy as a fundamental industrial revolution as great or greater in importance than the concurrence of inventions, particularly electricity and the internal combustion engine, which transformed the world at the turn of the year. There is no dispute that the U.S. economy is awash in computer investment that productivity has revived. Economists have long been ambivalent about what social interactions constitute the proper domain of the discipline. The narrower view has been that economics is primarily the study of markets, a circumscribed class of institutions in which persons interact through an anonymous process of price formation. Throughout much of the twentieth century, mainstream economics traded breadth for rigor. In the first half of the century, institutional economics, which thought broadly but loosely about social interactions, gradually gave way to the neoclassical theory of general competitive markets. A pivotal development was the transformation of labor economics from a field narrowly concerned with work for pay into one broadly concerned with the production and distributional decisions of families and households. The important development was the emergence in macroeconomics of endogenous growth theory. Whereas classical growth theory assumed that the production technology available to an economy is exogenous, endogenous growth theory supposes that today’s technology may depend have been influenced by the past output of the economy. The broadening of economic theory has coincided with new empirical research by economists on social interactions. Unfortunately, the empirical literature has not shown much progress. Economics has sufficed with a remarkably small set of basic concepts: preferences, expectations, constraints and equilibrium. Widespread literacy is alleged to be indispensable to popular government. Dramatic changes in communication technologies which are said to affect exposure to traditional print media-we need to look afresh at reading’s political impact. Learning to read is a political act. Inability to read limits an individual’s participation in community life. It was probably for this reason that slaves in the antebellum South were kept illiterate. Even today, a connection between literacy and citizenship exists in evidence showing that persons who read are more likely than those who do not identify with larger political communities. American people are haunted by Old World hegemonies and hence are committed to individualism and modernism for philosophical and practical reasons. American people are a restless and contentious lot producing a kaleidoscope of attitudes about most social issues. The American people can be found in the election turnout figures and in gross economic indicators, to e sure, but they are more than that; they are also the meanings of their behaviors. Raised on a diet of political supremacy and technocratic invincibility, the American people were shaken to the core by 9/11. Shortly thereafter, a number of bromides caught the national ear: â€Å"America has lost its innocence forever,† â€Å"this is the first war of the twenty-first century,† â€Å"the U.S. just joined the world of nations.† At some point, history may prove these claims true. But 9/111 has already shown something more heartening: the functionality of a longstanding communal discourse. Admittedly, that discourse is shot through with contradictions and impossible overstatements. That contradictions and overstatements can prove sustaining to a people is a curious fact-an American fact. Reference: Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States. Available on-line: http://www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html. How to cite Modern US history, Essay examples

Auditing Luxury Travel Holidays Ltd

Question: Discuss about theAuditingfor Luxury Travel Holidays Ltd. Answer: In relation to the first scenario, the CEO of Luxury Travel Holidays Ltd (LTH) had directly stated that they would consider a path of the reappointment of Clarke and Johnson as an auditor, only on the condition if CL would assist in procuring more businesses by offering a lecture in the upcoming seminar about the companys effective performance. Furthermore, in the given situation, CL being the companys independent auditor is not being permitted to express their judgment or opinion upon the companys financial statements. Besides, they are under an immense pressure to conduct such activity because of fear of losing their reappointment. In relation to the second scenario, the companys CEO is providing a gift in kind together with specified audit fees to the auditors with an intention of attaining smooth audit processes (Blay et. al, 2011). However, it is shocking to observe that by a smooth audit process, the CEO referred to an unfair audit opinion to the stakeholders. Hence, this impli es a situation of familiarity threat that means the CEO is willing to alter the judgment of the auditors, as they have been working like a family with the company since a long time (Mock et. al, 2013). In relation to the third situation, another case of familiarity threat can be witnessed, as an auditor will be a part of an audit process, whose father is already working in the company as a financial controller. In this case, Michael as an auditor would have to review the work performed by his own father. This implies that Michael would not report any fraudulent activities performed by his own father or by the company as a whole, as it would result in his fathers termination of the job together with that of other employees. Nevertheless, in the current phase, an auditors fair judgment is not anticipated, and would ultimately result in an unfair audit process. In relation to the fourth scenario, it can be observed that CL had been appointed as an auditor of the LTH, wherein Annette was on assignment for conducting computations of tax and preparing entries in order to accommodate these in the financial statements of 30 June 2015. In the current case, Annette has been opted to work wit h the audit team, and therefore, she must review her own undertaken activities. Hence, in relation to this case, the biggest threat prevailing is self-review threat. This is because an individual whether being an auditor or not, cannot analyze or assess his or her own doings. In other words, effectiveness can be achieved if another individual evaluates the doings of a specific individual (Coram et. al, 2011). In relation to the above situations, an auditor can implement various safeguards. Firstly, in the first situation, the safeguard is that the auditors conducting the process of an audit of the company must be appropriately selected because any individual possessing an interest (financial or personal) in the company cannot conduct an unbiased audit. Secondly, in the second situation, the best available safeguard is the rotation process of the senior members of the audit team. In addition, an efficient communication to the senior authority of the organization or the CEO must be offered in relation to non-acceptance of gifts in kind (Church et. al, 2008). Thirdly, in the third situation, the most appropriate safeguard is the consideration of rules and regulations mentioned in the SOX Act, wherein it is stated that an auditor cannot perform their role as the management. Moreover, the auditor must also conduct personal touch with the independent committee of the audit, and thereafter, repo rt the advocacy risk of promoting clients. Lastly, in the fourth situation, the job performed by Annette must be taken into due consideration by any other chartered accountant in order to establish an independent judgment. Besides, Annette being an accountant must not be a member of the audit team, thereby avoid performing the audit for LTH. In relation to the given situation wherein product demand could not be determined in association with the offering of maintenance services to the customers for two consecutive years since the product purchase, the first key business risk can be attributed to overstatement or understatement of the requirement of spare parts. In relation to such risk, as every product comprises of a two-year warranty, Mining Supplies Ltd (MSL) must have to efficiently evaluate the quantity for the purchase of spare parts because it comes from faraway sources that might have immense lead time. Therefore, it is the sole duty of the management to evaluate the adequate quantity of spare parts because if not, it can result in fund blockage, thereby resulting in a decline of purchased quantities of the equipment. Furthermore, the company would also disrupt the free spaces of its warehouses due to the spare parts that in reality would have been utilized after two years. In addition, the company might also los e its interest income that could have been procured if fund blockage would not have arisen in relation to spare parts. Due to such inappropriate expectation of demand for spare parts, the financial statements of the company including its profit and loss and balance sheet would also be influenced. Moreover, the company would also lose its efficient position to encounter its competitors in the market, as it was not able to provide an adequate quantity of equipment to its customers. The second business risk relates to the risk of theft and fraud that can arise when the company will procure its goods from international markets, and when it directs its workforce to distant areas for maintenance services after customers purchase its products. Besides, such maintenance services will occur until the completion of two years from the purchase of equipment. Therefore, the quantum of fraud and theft in association with the equipment must be duly taken into account for the past three years in order to determine whether the company is agreeing to any affairs to trim such scenario (Hoffelder, 2012). Moreover, experiences of past years can be considered to ascertain whether the company has agreed to any insurance policies in opposition to such thefts and frauds. Further, such policies entered must be viewed in relation to purchasing of quantities and if, it was truly vital to agree on such insurance policies. In lieu of the business risks identified above, the audit risk that plays an important part in the scenario relates to misstatements of the companys financials. Being an auditor, since such risk directly relates to the conditions incorporated with the sale, he must be able to recognize whether the sale price of the product is required to be declined by the expenses of spare parts, or it must be highlighted as an expense in the companys profit and loss account (Bedard, 2014). Furthermore, such spare parts could not collaborate under stock-in-trade because a portion of such spare parts that has been procured free warranty will be clubbed under liquid assets. Moreover, there are spare parts that are not covered by the company under maintenance of equipment. The company would depict these under the sale of spare parts. Furthermore, prior care must be provided in relation to maintenance contracts because an auditor can procure immense knowledge regarding the kind of spare parts that are c hargeable as an expense and those which can assist in generating income for the company. Therefore, as the spare parts that could have otherwise been charged as an expense, if unintentionally or intentionally depicted as revenues, it would result in overstating the companys revenues, thereby offering falsified information to the stakeholders (Carcello, 2012). Similarly, if such spare parts that could have otherwise been charged as revenues, if shown as an expense, it would result in overstating the companys expenses or understating the companys profits, thereby again resulting in decline of stakeholders earned dividends, manipulation of taxes being paid to the government, etc (Wright Charles, 2012). In association with the second risk regarding the risk of fraud of theft, as the company mechanics or engineers does not exist on its payroll, appropriate scrutiny of them is not done effectively (Holland Lane, 2012). These engineers take the spare parts with them that could be utilized by the customers in relation to warranty services, but there is always a possibility of theft regarding such spare parts. Therefore, the auditor must not only observe whether such spare parts and the equipment are incorporated in the insurance policy but also the time when these are sold to the final customers. The auditor must also take the cost effect of such insurance into consideration. Besides, one crucial perspective that must be duly considered is that whether the company is endeavoring into making fraudulent agreements with its contractors for destroying or stealing its products, thereby procuring insurance claims out of such. Furthermore, because mobile contractors travel to distant location s, it consumes immense time that could lead towards manipulation of facts and inappropriate financials, thereby hampering the faith and trust in the companys auditors (Tepalagul Lin, 2015). Therefore, it is the duty of auditors to travel to such distant locations themselves in order to evaluate the expenses as provided by the mobile contractors. References Bedard, J. N, Gonthier, B, Schatt, A. (2014). Costs and Benefits of Reporting Key, Harvard Press Blay, A. D Geiger, M. A. North, D. S. ( 2011). The Auditor's Going-Concern Opinion as a Communication of Risk. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 30 (2): 77- 102. Carcello, J. (2012). What do investors want from the standard audit report? CPA Journal 82 (1),7. Church, B., Davis, S. McCracken, S. (2008). The auditors reporting model: A literature overview and research synthesis. Accounting Horizons, 22(1), 69-90. Coram, P, Mock, T. J, Turner, J. Gray, G. (2011). The communicative value of the auditors report. Australian Accounting Review 21(3), 235-252. Holland, K. Lane, J. (2012). Perceived auditor independence and audit firm fees, Accounting and Business Research. 42(2), 115-141. Hoffelder, K. (2012). New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking. Harvard Press. Mock, T. J, Bdard, J, Coram, P, Davis, S, Espahbodi, R. Warne, R. (2013). The audit reporting model: Current research synthesis and implications. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 32, 323-351. Tepalagul, N. Lin, L. (2015). Auditor Independence and Audit Quality A Literature Review, Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 30(1), 101-121. Wright, M.K. Charles, J. (2012). Auditor independence and internal information systems audit quality, Business Studies Journal. 4(2), 63-84.

Prepare a Report Essay Example

Prepare a Report Essay How to Write a Project Report 1. Why is the report important? If you wish to secure a good mark for your project, it is absolutely essential that you write a good report. It is the report which is marked, not the program or anything else you might have constructed during the project period. No matter how significant your achievements, if you do not write up your work, and write it up well, you will obtain a poor mark. It is essential to understand that the report will be read and marked by a number of examiners (normally 2 4), only one of whom your supervisor will have any familiarity with the work which the report describes. Examiners are not mind-readers, and cannot give credit for work which you have done but not included in the report. 2. What are the examiners looking for? Each project report is marked initially by two examiners, one of whom is the supervisor. Each examiner fills in an online  mark form, giving marks for various aspects of the report and an overall mark. Studying the mark sheet will give you a good idea of what aspects of the report are important. The notes to examiners which accompany the mark sheet use the terms perfect, quite good, abysmal and so on to describe the attributes of a particular numerical mark (e. . 5 is satisfactory). There is a separate document which goes into great detail about what precisely satisfactory means in particular contexts, but Im not sure that these definitions are widely used: most examiners believe that they have an accurate and objective understanding of what is satisfactory. Note that supervisors might specify on the mark sheet that a particular aspect of the project is to be assessed for example, a review of the project area even if that area is not covered in the project report. We will write a custom essay sample on Prepare a Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Prepare a Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Prepare a Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Decisions on what is to be assessed are the supervisors responsibility, but you should be aware of the standard headings, think carefully about what you present (or do not present) under each, and discuss and agree it with your supervisor. Remember that your report is an academic dissertation, not a popular article or commercial proposal. For example, rather than describing only a series of events and a final product, try to establish criteria, present arguments, derive principles, pose and answer questions, measure success, analyse alternatives nd so on. Where a project has been undertaken with industrial support, the significance of that support for the project, and the relevance of the project to the supporting industry, should be discussed. 3. The mechanics of writing The problem you have to solve is this: to transfer your own experiences of doing the project, and the knowledge you have gained, from your brain onto paper in a coherent, logical and correct form. There are several ways of achieving this. Different authors have different techniques. My own method, which I think is quite common among technical authors, is to write as quickly as I can, without regard for coherency, structure or order, until I have written down (or rather, typed in) all the points I can think of. If my brain is running faster than my fingers and a thought pops into my head which belongs in another part of the document, I skip to the end of the page and insert a few words there to remind me to expand that point later, then resume where I was. The aim is to transfer as much relevant material from brain to paper as quickly as possible. This method has been called the brain dump. It is practised, I think, by some writers of fiction as well as by technical authors. After three hours of brain dumping I might have four or five pages of disorganized text. I then spend perhaps six hours putting the text into order and tightening up the prose, after which I might have three pages of good-quality prose. This method of writing is an iterative process, with periods of brain dumping alternating with periods of tidying-up. At the rate of three pages of polished text every nine hours, a typical 60-page PR3 project report will take you about four weeks to complete, working full-time. You must allow time to prepare the appendices (e. g. program listings) and illustrations. Good-quality illustrations, in particular, take a long time to prepare. You should therefore allow at least  six weeks  to write the report. If you kept a note-book during the project period, you will find the writing-up process much easier. 4. How to write well Many students appear not to realize how difficult it is to write well. Any type of writing (except perhaps advertising copy) is difficult, but technical writing is particularly hard. There are many books which address the subject of good technical writing. By far the best among those which I have seen is  Scientists Must Write  by Robert Barrass (1982). Though published over twenty years ago, this superb little book is still in print. There are several copies in the J. B. Morrell library, but since it costs only ? 11. 19 (from the  Internet Bookshop), you would be well advised to buy a copy and to read it from cover to cover. 4. 1. Precision You must strive first to be absolutely precise. When you write, it is not sufficient that  you  know what you mean; neither is it sufficient that your writing admits of the meaning which you intend: it must admit of no other meaning. What you write must not be capable of misinterpretation. Take exceptional care to choose the right word for the occasion. Do not, for example, write optimum if you mean good. Approximate means close, so very approximate means very close which is not what many people seem to think it means. 4. 2. Vigour Precision in writing is mainly a matter of taking sufficient care. Good writing is not only precise, however, it is  vigorous, and that is much harder to achieve. It helps if you have read widely, especially novels. Here are some hints which might help you to write forcefully and vigorously. Prefer short sentences to long sentences. Prefer short words to long words, provided that the short word has the meaning you need. Terseness is a great virtue in technical writing. (But dont go too far; remember Horaces observation: Brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio. ) Avoid circumlocutions. In almost all sectors of the computing marketplace can be replaced in most contexts by almost everywhere. The question of whether to use the passive voice in technical writing is a thorny one. Most older writers still write a program was written rather than I wrote a program . Many of your examiners might share this preference for, or prejudice in favour of, the passive voice, but this style is passing out of favour in all technical writing, and I advise you not to use it. Whatever you do, do not use the royal we (we wrote a program when you mean I wrote a program). There is general agreement that Latin phrases are best avoided in technical writing (but the occasional Latin quotation might lend a spurious air of erudition! ) Nevertheless, many careful writers have their own favourite Latin phrases which find occasional use. The best rule is that a Latin phrase is acceptable if it abbreviates a circumlocutionary English phrase. Mutatis mutandis, for example, one of my own favourites, is permissible in place of making the appropriate changes, since any English gloss seems to be ugly and unwieldy. I. e. (note the roman font and punctuation) is often useful in place of in other words or that is, and is widely understood. Quite often, however, X, i. e. ,  Y can be replaced by Y, because the writer realized while writing  X  that  Y  said the same, only better. E. g. is overused and best used sparingly; prefer for instance or for example. 4. 3. Spelling and grammar You must take exceptional care to spell correctly. Poor spelling is a distraction to the proficient reader. In most cases there is very little excuse nowadays for spelling errors; there are many excellent spell-checker programs which make a good job of finding the errors for you, and excellent (paper) dictionaries which will tell you wh at the correct spelling is. Be especially careful with words whose common misspelling is a correct spelling of a different word, in particular the following pairs: lead/led; loose/lose; affect/effect. It is dangerous to allow the spell-checker to correct a misspelling by itself; many such hilarious corrections have been reported, for example recently in  New Scientist. Believe the spell-checker. Very many people, for example, on finding that the spell-checker questions idiosyncracy [sic], say to themselves it must be missing from the dictionary file, and leave the word alone. It is for a good reason. If you have a medical condition which makes it difficult for you to spell correctly, make sure that your supervisor knows about it, so that it can be taken into account by the examiners. If poor spelling is a distraction which impedes understanding, poor grammar is more so. There are so many potential grammatical solecisms that it would be inappropriate to attempt to list them here. Read Fowlers  Modern English Usage  for guidance. This book has been revised several times since its first publication in 1926. The most recent (1998) edition is probably the best to use, not because its recommendations are more permissive or up-to-date, but because it draws attention to traps which it would not have occurred to Fowler in 1926 that anyone could fall into. The original 1926 edition is famous for its vigorous, fiery language, which has been successively watered down in later revisions. Take care with apostrophes. Historically, the apostrophe denoted the omission of one or more letters: dont = do not, Johns book = John his book. For this reason, careful writers of British English restrict the possessive use of the apostrophe to animate possessors. You may write Johns book but not the programs function, since (so the argument goes) one cannot write the program his function: you must write the function of the program instead. This rule is being steadily eroded under American influence, and will probably soon be obsolete. I mention the animate possessor rule in order to illustrate and to explain a very common blunder. Never  use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun. Its means it is (the letter thats omitted is an i),  not  it his, which is plain silly. One never sees spurious apostrophes in his, hers, ours, yours, theirs; so why does one so often see its in place of its, which is the correct possessive pronoun? The brain of the experienced reader, on seeing its, performs a lexical-level macro-expansion, replacing its by it is. This then fails to make syntactic sense in the context, necessitating a backtracking and re-parsing operation, and conscious expenditure of effort. It really does slow down, and consequently annoy, the reader. This crass and ignorant blunder probably does more to distract and to impede the reader of students reports than any other grammatical solecism. Summary: its = it is (needed rarely, if at all, in formal writing). Its is the pronoun (This is my program. Its purpose is to .) You almost certainly mean its. Even if you yourself do not place a strong emphasis on good spelling and good grammar, most of your examiners do, some fanatically. Most examiners will be irritated by poor spelling and poor grammar. It is always worth doing whatever you can, short of bribery, to put your examiner in a good mood. Write well and spell well, for this reason if for no other! 4. 4. Typography When I prepared my own final-year project report, I wrote it with pen and ink and handed the manuscript to the departmental secretary who typed it for me on an IBM typewriter. Modern practice is different, and now you yourself are responsible for producing a computer-typeset report. This means that you must be familiar both with the formal requirements set out in the Students Handbook (restricting the number of pages, type size, width of margins, and so on) and with the rudiments of typography. You will not be penalized severely, if at all, if you violate typographical conventions, but good typography creates a subliminal impression akin to that of good proportion in a painting, and is desirable for that reason. Since it is a matter of simply learning and following the rules, you should try to do so. You should learn at least enough (for example) to know the difference between the hyphen, minus, en-dash and em-dash, and when to use each of them. The best and most famous typographical reference book is  Rules for compositors and readers at the University Press, Oxford  by Horace Hart, known colloquially and universally as Harts Rules. It is a small book which you should probably read from cover to cover, but you may skip the section on Russian orthography if your report contains no Russian words. This book, like Fowler, has been revised continually since its first publication (in 1904, though it was in use within the O. U. P. ince 1893). The latest edition is dated 1983. It is still in print, almost a century after its first publication, and at ? 8. 79 (from the  Internet Bookshop), well worth buying. 4. 5. Illustrations Your report should generally contain illustrations (figures or diagrams), but they must be relevant. Ask yourself if the illustration helps the reader to un derstand the text. If the text is readily comprehensible without the illustration, delete the illustration. If it is not, it is usually better to make the text clearer than to add a diagram. All illustrations should be prepared by an appropriate program, such as  pic,  xfig  or  grap. They should not be hand-drawn. The only common exception to this rule is circuit diagrams: given the current state of the art in schematic-entry packages, a hand-drawn circuit diagram is usually preferable to a computer-drawn one. If possible, include figures close to the text which refers to them, rather than all together in an appendix. Circuit diagrams are, again, a possible exception to this rule. It is normal to list tables and figures at the beginning of the report, after the table of contents. 5. Structure Saepe stilum vertas. Horace 5. 1. Top-level structure At the top level, a typical report is organized in the following way. 1. Abstract. (This is a couple of paragraphs no more which summarizes the content of the report. It must be comprehensible to someone who has not read the rest of the report. ) 2. Introduction. (The scope of the project, setting the scene for the remainder of the report. ) 3. Previous work. (One or more review chapters, describing the research you did at the beginning of the project period. ) 4. Several chapters describing what you have done, focusing on the novel aspects of your own work. 5. Further work. (A chapter describing possible ways in which your work could be continued or developed. Be imaginative but realistic. ) 6. Conclusions. (This is similar to the abstract. The difference is that you should assume here that the reader of the conclusions has read the rest of the report. ) 7. References and appendices. 5. 2. References References must be relevant. A typical PR3 project report might contain about one page of pertinent references, if the initial research period was well spent. Do not include references which you have not read, no matter how relevant you think they might be. If you refer to standard material which is covered by a large number of text-books, choose one or two really good ones and cite those, rather than a long list of mediocre texts. There are many styles for citing references. Although strict standards (e. g. British Standards) for citing references exist, my advice is not to bother with them; instead, find a reputable journal in the library and copy its style. Alternatively, copy the example below. Its important to be consistent, complete and unambiguous; beyond that, it doesnt matter much what you do. Example citation style: Citations in text:Mander, in Notes on a system specification method [Mander 1983], gives the following as described by Briggs [1983a] Thimblebys guidelines [Thimbleby 1983] suggest that Different methodologies have been examined [Tully 1983]. Several recent publications in this field [Wand 1980d, ACM 1971] have been very influential. List of references at end of report: References| ACM 1971. | Association for Computing Machinery,  Second symposium on problems in the optimisation of data communication systems, ACM (1971). | Briggs 1983a. | J. S. Briggs, The design of AIR and its use in Ada separate compilation, in  SERC workshop on Ada software tools interfaces, ed. P. J. Wallis, University of Bath (1983). Downes 1982. | V. A. Downes, S. J. Goldsack,  Programming embedded systems with Ada, Prentice-Hall (1982). | Mander 1983. | K. C. Mander,  Notes on a system specification method, York Computer Science report no. 61, University of York (1983). | Thimbleby 1983. | H. W. Thimbleby, Guidelines for `manipulative text editing,  Behaviour and Information Technology,  2, 127 161 (1983). | | If you adopt this style, when you cite a reference, you need not repeat the authors name or authors names (Jones and Sanderson [Jones Sanderson 1999] have shown ). Write instead: Jones and Sanderson [1999] have shown , and list the reference as Jones Sanderson 1999. Alternatively, a system of numbered references, such as the default format produced by the Unix  refer  tool in conjunction with  troff, is acceptable. I myself much prefer numbered citation styles, which I find much less obtrusive and easier on the eye; e. g. Jones and Sanderson? have shown or Jones and Sanderson [1] have shown . These forms, which are allowed by the regulations in the Handbook, seem to be the two dominant citation styles in academic journals. You may wish to refer to electronic sources, particularly material found on the World-Wide Web. It is not enough to put found on WWW in place of a citation. The web page Bibliographic Formats for Citing Electronic Information gives advice on citing on-line sources. If possible, avoid citing unpublished literature. It is however acceptable to cite university reports, such as this Departments YCS series, and PhD theses (although getting hold of the latter can be almost impossible). References are always cited in the text. Other works youve made use of but not cited should be listed in a section called Bibliography. Note that et al. requires a period after the abbreviation al. (for alia). It means and others, and may be used only to refer to people, typically in lists of references. It is the animate form of etc. , which also requires a period. 5. 3. Lower-level structure Structure is a recursive concept. A well-structured report has its top-level sections well ordered, and it is easy to get this right; but each section must in itself be well ordered, and that is more difficult. Most paper documents, and many on-line documents, are read linearly from beginning to end. This is certainly true of an examiner reading a project report. Consequently, the writer of a well-structured document avoids forward references wherever possible. Try to avoid writing as we shall see in chapter 10, , especially if the material in chapter 10 is essential to an understanding of the text at the point where the reference occurs. Occasionally such references are unavoidable, but more often than not they are a sign that the text needs to be re-ordered. In the old days, re-ordering text entailed cutting and pasting with real scissors and real paste. Nowadays, the word-processor has made these operations so easy that there is no excuse for slovenly structure. Take your time, and keep rearranging words or phrases within sentences, sentences within paragraphs, paragraphs within sections and sections within the whole report until you have got it right. Aim for a logical progression from beginning to end, with each sentence building on the previous ones. If the chapters are numbered 1, 2, 3, , then the sections within (say) chapter 1 will be numbered 1. 1, 1. 2, . It is permissible to sub-divide a section: the sub-sections within section 1. 1 will be numbered 1. . 1, 1. 1. 2, . Do not however nest sub-sections to more than four levels: sub-sub-section 1. 2. 3. 4 is acceptable, but 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 is not. It is quite possible, with care, to write even a large and complex book without using more than three levels. Footnotes are a nuisance to the reader. They interrupt the linear flow of text and necessitate a mental stack-pushing and stack-popping which demand conscious effort. There are rare occasions when footnotes are acceptable, but they are so rare that it is best to avoid them altogether. To remove a footnote, first try putting it in-line, surrounded by parentheses. It is likely that the poor structure which was disguised by the footnote apparatus will then become apparent, and can be improved by cutting and pasting. 6. The role of artefacts in projects Deep down, all students seem to believe that their project is to write a program (or, to build a circuit). They believe that they will be judged by how much their program does. They are amazed when their supervisor is unconcerned about the inclusion or non-inclusion of a listing in the report. They fear that they will be penalized if their program is small-scale or if they do not make grandiose claims for its power and functionality. This leads to reports heavy with code and assertions about code, but light on reasoning. Students omit the reasoning because they are short of time and think the code more important, and thereby they lose credit they could have had. It leads also to the omission of testing. Hence there are assertions about the extent of implementation, but no evidence (in the form of records of testing) to back them up. In summary, credit for the implementation is not the whole story; you should not feel under pressure to make claims that you cannot support. Your reports should clearly separate specification, design, implementation and testing. The program does  X should more honestly be I wanted the program to do  X; I designed it to do nearly-X; I implemented it to do most-of-X; my testing shows that it did some-of-X  (and here is the evidence of that). Taking this advice into account can much improve your mark. 7. You and your supervisor Writing is a solitary pursuit. Whereas your supervisor will guide you through the early stages of your project work, you must write the report on your own. It is a University assessment, and the rules on plagiarism and collusion (do consult the Students Handbook! ), and the conventions which restrict the amount of help a supervisor can give, apply. Nevertheless, most supervisors will be happy to read and to comment on drafts of sections of your project report before you hand it in, if you give them enough time to do so. Its also a good idea to ask your supervisor to suggest some high-quality past projects in a similar field to yours, and to look them up in the departmental library. This will give you an idea of what is required. 8. Summary 1. Good writing is difficult, but it is worth taking the trouble to write well. 2. Leonard was trying to form his style on Ruskin: he understood him to be the greatest master of English prose. He read forward steadily, occasionally making a few notes. Let us consider a little each of these characters in succession, and first (for of the shafts enough has been said already), what is very peculiar to this church its luminousness. Was there anything to be learnt from this fine sentence? Could he adapt it to the needs of daily life? Could he introduce it, with modifications, when he next wrote a letter to his brother, the lay reader? For example: Let us consider a little each of these characters in succession, and first (for of the absence of ventilation enough has been said already), what is very peculiar to this flat its obscurity. Something told him that the modifications would not do; and that something, had he known it, was the spirit of English Prose. My flat is dark as well as stuffy. Those were the words for him.

Greek Cultral Contributions

Greek Cultral Contributions Free Online Research Papers There are influences and contributions found throughout the world. One such example is through the ancient Greeks. During the period of ancient Greece there were several intelligent men whose theories and ideas helped lead to these great contributions. They are now known as the Greek philosophers. These philosophers include, Heraclitus, Pericles, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The Greeks were seemingly much ahead of their time through their beliefs and interest. An as a result, they greatly influenced our society and world today. Perhaps the greatest contribution of the Greeks to society is democracy. By definition democracy means: a government by the people, or a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. The Greek philosopher Pericles felt that in order for a democracy to succeed it must first contain an authority figure or someone in a leadership role. It was a general belief that in order to maintain this form of government it would require the cooperation of all of the citizens. However, under Greek control it was limited to only white males with property. Today, in American society democracy is available to everyone regardless of his or her race or sex. According to Pericles there are steps necessary for democracy to be present. The first is that one should not care how another enjoys himself as long as it is in private and not in public and thus in public view everyone is to maintain the law. The next is, each person should be interested in not only themselves but also the state. The Greeks were extremely interested in what was happening in their world. Similarly, today we vote as a way of showing our interest in our country’s government. Lastly one must never rush into action, for one acts before debating the consequences then the results are often negative. Through democracy there was never a guarantee of prosperity but a democracy did provide more assistance. Another unique Greek contribution is the idea of questioning everything. The Greek kings made laws, however, eventually the people began to challenge this. They said that the kings were not God so how could they say what was a law. Therefore, American society did not create the idea of questioning as many may think. Instead, the Greeks did because once one questions the king’s authority who else is left. The idea of questioning was mainly put forth by Socrates. He established a method called the Socratic method, which includes a question and answer technique. After the Peloponnesian War the authority figures did not often approve of such ideas. Socrates believed so strongly in the process of questioning that he put his life on the line in an effort to make his ideas known. When he was accused of corrupting the youth through his teaching he refused to back down from his beliefs and was in turn put to death. This is certainly a contribution of the Greeks that is every present in the American society. Another, somewhat contribution of the Greeks to the world comes through their protection of women. For instance, Hector, from Homer’s Illiad, tells his wife, Andromache, to go spin and weave and take care of the children while he goes off to war. Hector felt that it was his duty to fight to protect his wife. Although, in our society today women are not nearly as restricted they still have certain limits necessary for protection. For example, women are not put on the front line in battle to fight for fear of rape. However, the fear is that of the society not of the women. Nevertheless, the Greeks believed in protecting women just as many societies, including ours, do today. Yet another contribution is the Greek idea that man can do anything with time and reason. The Greeks invented the Olympics as a competition for sportsmen to discover who is the best or to determine excellence. Correspondingly, in the present day we use such Olympic oriented events to prove excellence and that man can do anything if he takes his time. For instance, today we have the Special Olympics in which people with disabilities compete. These people much use enormous time and determination to overcome the great obstacles that stand in their way. The Greeks also made some contribution to the idea of life after death. The philosophers Heraclitus, Plato, Hume suggested that perhaps this idea was out of reach of ordinary thought, however, they still contemplated the idea. They did not simply wonder about this issue but researched it. Thus, they became some the first people to actually research one’s fate after physical death. Even though some of their findings were incorrect such as, reincarnation, nevertheless they made a gallant effort to discover the truth. Drama was yet another contribution of the Greeks. The Greek states supported drama because they felt that it was a way of educating the citizens. The first Greek dramas were tragedies. Despite being so long ago these drama deal with issues that we also find in our world today. For example, they included the conflict of good verses evil, people’s rights, spiritually, and human nature. Similarly comedy was also developed from the Greeks. Much like our present day comedies, the Greek comedies contained obscene jokes as a way of entertaining the audience. Another factor is that of reason. Both Socrates and Plato believed that the knowledge of morals must be based on reason. Therefore, they helped to contribute the idea that people should act off of their honorable and just instincts. For instance, it could be said that all societies have evolved in some form of evil because they all evolved from slavery. Slavery is viewed as being wrong because it makes one man master over another man. Therefore, if what is ethical is based on reason slavery could not possibly withstand the test of reason. This contributes to American society, because despite having issues with slavery in the past, the American society of today now views slavery in the same light as the great Greek philosophers. It simply is not right to take charge over another human being. The Greeks had a general interest of wisdom to which they contributed worldwide. This interest spread throughout the generations. From Socrates to Plato, Plato to Aristotle, and Aristotle to Alexander the Great the Greeks continuously distributed this curiosity universally. Plato, a follower of Socrates formed a school called the Academy, in which Aristotle studied. Then as Alexander the Great traveled through his many adventures he carried with him all that he had learned from his great instructor. However, Alexander was not simply satisfied with what he learned from Aristotle, he continued in an effort to learn throughout his life and consequently spread it to the nations that he conquered. In today’s world it is evident that we gained this trait on from the Greeks, because once we gain an interest on a specific topic we strive to learn everything we possibly can on that subject. Americans, like many other societies of the world, like to believe that we are supreme and often develop our own ideas. However, it is evident that many of our unique views on life were in fact copied from the Greeks. If you study the concepts of the Greeks it is clearly similar to that of the Americans. The Greek people were very unique in comparison to other world cultures of their time. Similarly, the Americans share that unique quality as they learned from the ancient Greeks. Kagan, Donald. â€Å"Pericles of Athens and The Birth of Democracy.† Humanities. 26 (1991): 7. Moody, Raymond A. â€Å"Near Death Experiences in Ancient Greek Philosophy; The Origins of Rational Inquiry Into the Afterlife.† Journal of Spirituality Paranormal. 30 (2007): 5-9. Mufuka, K. Nyamayaro, and Ricketson, William F. An Introduction To Western Civilization. Donalds: Voice of Truths, 2000 Perry, Marvin. Western Civilization Ideas, Politics, and Society. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2007 Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. 2006 Research Papers on Greek Cultral ContributionsBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

List of Poisons and the Relative Toxicity of Chemicals

List of Poisons and the Relative Toxicity of Chemicals This is a list or table of chemicals that can kill you. Some of these poisons are common and some are rare. Some you need in order to live, while others you should avoid at all costs. Note that the values are median lethal values for an average human. Real-life toxicity depends on your size, age, gender, weight, route of exposure and many other factors. This list just offers a glimpse at a range of chemicals and their relative toxicity. Basically, all chemicals are poisonous. It just depends on the amount! List of Poisons This table is organized from least deadly to most deadly: Chemical Dose Type Target water 8 kg inorganic nervous system lead 500 g inorganic nervous system alcohol 500 g organic kidney/liver ketamine 226 g drug cardiovascular table salt 225 g inorganic nervous system ibuprofen (e.g., Advil) 30 g drug kidney/liver caffeine 15 g biological nervous system paracetamol (e.g., Tylenol) 12 g drug kidney/liver aspirin 11 g drug kidney/liver amphetamine 9 g drug nervous system nicotine 3.7 g biological nervous system cocaine 3 g biological cardiovascular methamphetamine 1 g drug nervous system chlorine 1 g element cardiovascular arsenic 975 mg element digestive system bee sting venom 500 mg biological nervous system cyanide 250 mg organic causes cell death aflatoxin 180 mg biological kidney/liver mamba venom 120 mg biological nervous system black widow venom 70 mg biological nervous system formaldehyde 11 mg organic causes cell death ricin (castor bean) 1.76 mg biological kills cells VX (nerve gas) 189 mcg organophosphate nervous tetrodotoxin 25 mcg biological nervous system mercury 18 mcg element nervous system botulinum (botulism) 270 ng biological nervous tetanospasmin (tetanus) 75 ng biological nervous system Poisons: Lethal vs Toxic Looking at the list of poisons, you might be tempted to think lead is safer than salt or bee sting venom is safer than cyanide. Looking at the lethal dose can be misleading because some of these chemicals are cumulative poisons (e.g., lead) and others are chemicals your body naturally detoxifies in small amounts (e.g., cyanide). Individual biochemistry is also important. While it might take half a gram of bee venom to kill the average person, a much lower dose would cause anaphylactic shock and death if youre allergic to it. Some poisons are actually necessary for life, such as water and salt. Other chemicals serve no known biological function and are purely toxic, such as lead and mercury. Most Common Poisons in Real Life While its unlikely youll be exposed to tetrodotoxin unless you eat improperly prepared fugu (a dish prepared from pufferfish), some poisons routinely cause problems. These include: Pain medicine (over the counter or prescription)Sedative and antipsychotic drugsAntidepressantsCardiovascular drugsHousehold cleaners (particularly when they are mixed)Alcohol (both grain alcohol and types not intended for human consumption)PesticidesInsect, arachnid, and reptile venomAnticonvulsantsPersonal care productsWild mushroomsFood poisoning

Critically assess your placement's view of the doctrine of God to Essay

Critically assess your placement's view of the doctrine of God to demonstrate how it helps or hinders the missional engagement of your church within its local context - Essay Example The support and the quality interactions provided to be the Churches in the local communities has therefore, always been considered beneficiary in the Christian society. However, the type of interaction and teaching being imparted by different Churches depend on their understanding of the Doctrine of God and the concept of Trinity according to which, God exists in three forms, namely father, son and the Holy Spirit2. Taking all these aspects into consideration the discussion in this study will remain focused towards understanding the concepts of Doctrine of God. In addition, the discussion will also elaborate on the question that whether the Doctrine concept hinders or helps interaction of the Churches with the local communities. Accordingly, the discussion will also comprise of the evaluation of ‘four part missional theology analysis method’ with the intention to develop a succinct understanding regarding the non-existence of Churches in the absence of the Holy Spirit. Before understanding the impact of ‘Doctrine of God’ on the interaction of Churches with the local communities, a brief understanding needs to be attained regarding the theological concept. Contextually, it can be stated that different cultures have varied patterns of projecting their belief in God. For instance, in Christianity, the divineness of God has been elaborated in two specific forms. The first form of God has been projected to be ‘transcendent’, whereas the second form of God is projected as ‘immanent’. In the transcendent form, God has been elaborated as the divine power free from any dependence on this world3. Likewise, in the immanent form, God has been described as an active participator within all the happenings in the world. Correspondingly, the necessity of understanding this fact resulted in the emergence of the Doctrine of God concepts wherein the statements and attributes made by God were evaluated4. For instance, attributes, such as

Figurative Language versus Literal Language Essay - 5

Figurative Language versus Literal Language - Essay Example Idioms are words, phrases, or expressions that are unable to be taken literally, nor should they ever be. â€Å"A slap on the wrist† is an example of an idiom. Literally, this idiom means to slap someone on the wrist. When taken in its figurative context, as it is intended to be, the idiom means that someone has received a mild punishment. â€Å"A slap on the wrist† is an appropriate phrase when describing someone who was caught doing something bad, yet did not face any real consequences for their actions. It can be misunderstood if the individual does not first make it known that someone had been caught engaging in some form of misconduct. An analogy is when two completely unlike things are compared to make a concept more understandable. An analogy aids someone in understanding something new by comparing it to something that they are familiar with. â€Å"I am as graceful as a refrigerator falling down a flight of stairs (Turner, 1998)† is an analogy. This analogy can be used to help someone visualize how ungraceful another person is. A refrigerator would crash down a flight of stairs, so this analogy can describe a significant lack of grace. This analogy can lead to an understanding if it is believed that an individual will literally crash and tumble down a flight of stairs. A metaphor is when two distinctive things that share a similarity are compared. Metaphors help to intensify the meaning of something. â€Å"Time is a thief† is an example of a metaphor. Time does not literally rob, but this metaphor implies that time takes away from people. An appropriate circumstance in which to use this metaphor is in describing a passage of time as a child grows up. Time, as a thief, stole the childhood of that individual as she entered young adulthood. This metaphor can be misleading if it is used out of context and a passage of time is not being considered. A simile consists of the

Bookmaster Essay Example for Free

Bookmaster Essay Background The case bookmaster explains how Drew went to bookmaster to buy a book he wanted to enjoy reading. When Drew arrived at the bookstore and explained to the CRA what book he wanted. The CRA informed Drew that the book was instock and that there were actually two copies of the book on the shelf. However, when Drew and the CRA went to the shelf to get the book there were no copies available. Drew would have to drive to another store that was 15 miles away to get the book. The CRA then suggested to Drew to buy the ebook which was almost $20 cheaper. Drew would have to download the ebook on his computer since the Kindle and iPad’s were too costly for him at the time. Kindle an Ipad both have many restrictions on their work and try to prevent piracy to maximize profits. Case Questions 1. Each player in the above value chain makes money by creating value for the stakeholders. 2. 3. The ebook has many advantages and disadvantages. the first advantage is the development, marketing, and decreasing costs for eReaders. The second advantage is its easy accessible and can be read on any device if it’s an apple because they are linked together. The third advantage is that marketing the product is easier on line than in a book store. The first disadvantage is that the sale price is lower so the profit margin is relatively the same. The second disadvantage is that piracy is more common and the content is easier to duplicate. The third disadvantage is that competition is very high in the digital industry. The hard copy book also has many advantages. The first is that hardcopy books are easier to stay focused on because the web-surfing variable is eliminated. The second advantage is that you can jot down your thoughts while reading. The third advantage is hardcopy books are not subject to the failure of technology. Some disadvantages to hard copy books are as follows; The cost to make the books are high. Books are harder to carry around if you have more than a few with you. The third disadvantage is the costs of books are high. 4. The role of operations in the hardcopy value chain is to print books. The role of operations in ebooks is to produce digital content and to store the content. 5. The other issues that are important on critiquing both of these is the future. Where are books headed in the future? It is important to try and forecast whether ebooks or hardcopy books will be a thing of the past.

Schindler?s List Essay -- essays research papers

The once almost forgotten Hitler Jews are brought back to life by Schindler’s List. The movie opens quietly with a pre-war Polish Jewish family lighting candles and saying prayers on Friday night. The family disappears, and eventually, the candles burn out. The scene switches to a man carefully dressing, stuffing his hand with money and carefully pinning a Nazi pin to his lapel. He is a shadowy figure, paying his way to get a fine table at a fancy restaurant in Krakow, and catching the eye of some Nazi officers. His name is Oscar Schindler and he is just a business man making contacts and buying influence. Soon his wining and dining pays off, as he acquires a manufacturing plant that produces pots and pans for the Nazi Army. Oscar really didn’t have any clue what was going on as far as the situation with the Jews and the Nazi Army. Reality struck him when his workers were being taken away from his ghettos and placed in concentration camps. Jews, who worked for free were his main source of labor. Actually, what the Jews are getting in return is even more valuable than money. Freedom. He is freeing them from being destroyed. Once Schindler recognizes this tragedy, he puts his on life in danger to save all of the Jews that he can. He is so generous that people ask him to let people work in the factory so they will live. He does so. He has a heart but he also does it for his personal gain. At first, he just opens the factory to gain money. In the end, we see him spending all o...

A rose for emily: reader response Essay

William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† is very interesting and unusual. My first reaction after reading the entire short story was just complete shock that anyone can be capable of something so gross to put it simply. When reading through the story, it is written in a very confusing way. The reader has to be actively reading the story or you will miss something which I did the first time reading through it. I was lost until I got to the end and understood the way the author structured the story. I was challenged as a reader at times because the story was written out of order on purpose. Being written the way it was, the story gets a more interesting edge and pulls the reader in, it intrigued me a lot. After reading it a second time the reader can see that certain events are foreshadowed throughout the entire story. What is clear in this story is that if one shelters a child all their life, they will never develop emotionally or socially as a result, and people with this background can be prone to unpredictable behavior without the proper guidance. Emily is sheltered a lot as a child by her father. She wasn’t allowed to do much of anything. She was always expected to behave honorably being of high status in the community. Like most fathers who think nobody is good enough for their daughters, he chased away every boy that ever tried to court Emily. She was so attached to her father, so when he died she couldn’t bring herself to believe it. She held his decaying body in their house for three days because she was in such denial. Her father was the only person she had ever really had, and he was all she knew. People should have worried about her then but they just brushed it off and believed â€Å"that with nothing left, she would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people will† (223). That should have been a sign of going down the wrong path. It is one thing to grieve and hold onto a person in your heart, but to physically keep the body in your house like nothing has happened is insane. That was the first sign of her mental issues to me. Emily was left alone with absolutely no hope, and no way of knowing how to be a member of society. This work can be  interpreted in different ways, but what stands out to me is a child being sheltered and protected so much by her parent that she never knows freedom or how to live on her own. Emily never develops emotionally or socially due to her father’s overbearing nature. She didn’t know how to interact very well with others and once everything she was attached to was gone she went off the deep end. She had a love interest named Homer and it seemed like everything was going good, until one day Mrs. Emily went to the store to buy rat poison and nobody ever saw Homer again. It was believed he just went back north, but later we learn the truth that Emily killed him. She had his dead body in a bed upstairs that she would lie next to. She didn’t know how to survive alone so when someone else came into her life she wasn’t going to let them get away. Having nothing in life drove her mental, she did the only thing she knew to do. She didn’t know what real love was or what was appropriate. So desperate not to be alone and have the happily ever after her father deprived her of, she would kill for it. Even the people in the town felt Emily was off, believing she was crazy and saying she would kill herself (224). She never was taught how to love the right way and how to interact socially because of her father and it stunned her development in a bad way. Even though this text is almost a century old, it can reflect in the times now. The text is written back in the 1930’s, so people don’t really hear much of an old lady killing a man to be her husband, that’s just outrageous behavior. The same problem arises as in Emily’s story as with some of the things that people do now though. People like Emily grow up in a box. When a person is in a box all their life and finally get out they go crazy. Whether that be partying until the crack of dawn or murdering people to satisfy their own desires like Emily did. It all could have been avoided if she was given the right tools and guidance to navigate through life but she wasn’t prepared so she coped the only way she knew how. Her behavior cannot be justified but it can be understood. This happens with a lot of people in current times. We see it a lot with teens and young adults if they grow up in a home with many rules and beyond strict expectations, as Emily’s father put on her. I’ve seen it happen with my own eyes. A friend of mine was so sheltered and had no freedom. He was so overwhelmed he went off the deep end and got himself a gun. He started shooting people at random for his own reasons, only he knows, and in the end he ended up killing himself as  well. Like Emily he wasn’t guided properly, and did what he could to cope with the situation he was in. So we should really think about the things we put kids through at a young age because it could have a lasting effect the rest of their life and cause unpredictable behavior. Relating to this story is partly easy for me. I am included in this audience for this story because I know how it feels to be in a box. Feeling alone and having no hope left is something I know almost everyone can recall at some point in their life. I had an event change my life and it left me feeling absolutely hopeless and like nothing would ever be right ever again. The difference between when I hit rock bottom and when Emily hit is I had family and friends to help me through it and guide me to the right path but Emily didn’t. She never interacted with anybody but her father and, so when she had nothing left she went left instead of right. Having the right tools can make all the difference in life and Emily was never taught the tools so she invented her own, and that can happen to anyone. This work is geared toward parents but also the world to show one of the worst consequences of protecting a child so much it actually cripples them. Protecting your child can be a good and bad thing. Good in the sense they are protected from things no child should go through but bad because if they are sheltered to much their development emotionally and socially good be jeopardized. That can result in some unpredictable behavior that could have dire consequences if the child is not given the right tools. Parents have to find the balance so that they are not out of control but still get to learn some lessons to help them grow. If there is not balance some may just party hard all night long, but some may be so traumatized t hat the only way they know how to survive is by making sure they are never alone by doing the unthinkable, murder, and end up just like Emily.

Relationship Diagram (ERD) for the following scenario Essay

A salesperson may manage many other salespeople. A salesperson is managed by only one salespeople. A salesperson can be an agent for many customers. A customer is managed by one salespeople. A customer can place many orders. An order can be placed by one customer. An order lists many inventory items. When the order is made for number of inventory items, the date and the amount is recorded. An inventory item may be listed on many orders. An inventory item is assembled from many parts. A part may be assembled into many inventory items. Many employees assemble an inventory item from many parts. While the employee assemble, if any fault, it is identified with fault-log-id, fault-log-name. A supplier supplies many parts. A part may be supplied by many suppliers. Draw the Entity- Relationship Diagram (ERD) for the following scenario: UPS prides itself on having up-to-date information on the processing and current location of each shipped item. To do this, UPS relies on a company-wide information system. Shipped items are the heart of the UPS product tracking information system. Shipped items can be characterized by item number (unique), weight, dimensions, insurance amount, destination, and final delivery date. Shipped items are received into the UPS system at a single retail center. Retail centers are characterized by their type, uniqueID, and address. Shipped items make their way to their destination via one or more standard UPS transportation events (i.e., flights, truck deliveries) . These transportation events are characterized by a unique scheduleNumber, a type (e.g, flight, truck), and a deliveryRoute. Please create an Entity Relationship diagram that captures this information about the UPS system. Be certain to indicate identifiers and cardinality constraints. Draw the Entity- Relationship Diagram (ERD) for the following scenario: The company is organized into DEPARTMENTs. Each department has a name, number and an employee who manages the department. We keep track of the start date of the department manager. A department may have several locations. Each department Controls a number of PROJECTs. Each project has a unique name, unique number and is located at a single location. We store each EMPLOYEE’s social security number, address, salary, sex, and birthdate. Each employee works for one department but may work on several projects. We keep track of the number of hours per week that an employee currently works on each project. We also keep track of the direct supervisor of each employee. Each employee may have a number of DEPENDENTs For each dependent, we keep track of their name, sex, birthdate, and relationship to the employee. Draw the Entity- Relationship Diagram (ERD) for the following scenario: A Bus Company owns a number of busses. Each bus is allocated to a particular route, although some routes may have several busses. Each route passes through a number of towns. One or more drivers are allocated to each stage of a route, which corresponds to a journey through some or all of the towns on a route. Some of the towns have a garage where busses are kept and each of the busses are identified by the registration number and can carry different numbers of passengers, since the vehicles vary in size and can be single or double-decked. Each route is identified by a route number and information is available on the average number of passengers carried per day for each route. Drivers have an employee number, name, address, and sometimes a telephone number. Draw the Entity- Relationship Diagram (ERD) for the following scenario: A lecturer, identified by his or her number, name and room number, is responsible for organising a number of course modules. Each module has a unique code and also a name and each module can involve a number of lecturers who deliver part of it. A module is composed of a series of lectures and because of economic constraints and common sense, sometimes lecture son a given topic can be part of more than one module. A lecture has  a time, room and dateand is delivered by a lecturer and a lecturer may deliver more than one lecture. Students, identified by number and name, can attend lectures and a student must be registered for a number of modules. We also store the date on which the student first registered for that module. Finally, a lecturer acts as a tutor for a number of students and each student has only one tutor.†

Practice in Identifying Appositives in Sentences

Practice in Identifying Appositives in Sentences As weve seen in  What Is an Appositive?, an appositive is a word or group of words that concisely identifies or renames another word in a sentence. The exercise on this page offers practice in identifying appositives. Exercise Some of the sentences below contain adjective clauses; others contain appositives. Identify the adjective clause or appositive in each sentence; then compare your responses with the answers below. (If you run into problems, review Building Sentences with Appositives.) John Reed, an American journalist, helped found the Communist Labor Party in America.My sister, who is a supervisor at Munchies, drives a company car.I took a cookie from Gretel, who is the woodcutters daughter.I took a cookie from Gretel, the woodcutters daughter.Og, the King of Bashan, was saved from the flood by climbing onto the roof of the ark.I once saw Margot Fonteyn, the famous ballerina.Elkie Fern, who is a professional botanist, led the kids on a nature hike.Elsa, a good country woman, has a daughter named Ulga.Paul Revere, who was a silversmith and a soldier, is famous for his midnight ride.I read a biography of Disraeli, the 19th-century statesman, and novelist. Answers to the exercise: appositive: an American journalistadjective clause: who is a supervisor at Munchiesadjective clause: who is the woodcutters daughterappositive: the woodcutters daughterappositive: the King of Bashanappositive: the famous ballerinaadjective clause: who is a professional botanistappositive: a good country womanadjective clause: who was a silversmith and a soldierappositive: the 19th-century statesman and novelist

Postal Abbreviations for Provinces in Canada

Postal Abbreviations for Provinces in Canada Accurate addresses do not just help lower costs by eliminating redelivery and extra handling;  being accurate also reduces the carbon footprint of mail delivery and gets mail where it needs to go faster. It helps to know the correct two-letter province and territory abbreviations if sending mail in Canada. Accepted Postal Abbreviations The two-letter abbreviations for Canadian provinces and territories that are recognized by Canada Post for mail in Canada are based on the English spellings of the names, though the two letters also appear in the French spellings. Northwest Territories, for instance, uses the initials NT, which is the first letters of each word in English, but the first and last letters of the French Nord-Ouest. The country is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces  and territories. The 10 provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. Province/Territory Abbreviation Alberta AB British Columbia BC Manitoba MB New Brunswick NB Newfoundland and Labrador NL Northwest Territories NT Nova Scotia NS Nunavut NU Ontario ON Prince Edward Island PE Quebec QC Saskatchewan SK Yukon YT Canada Post has specific postal code rules. Postal codes are an alphanumeric number, similar to a ZIP code in the United States. They are used for mailing, sorting and delivering the mail in Canada and are handy for other information about your area. Similar to Canada, the U.S. Postal Service uses two-letter postal abbreviations for each state and territory in the United States. The Canadian and the United States postal services have an agreement to avoid overlapping of postal abbreviations to avoid confusion when mail is sent between the neighboring countries. Mail Format and Stamps Any letter sent within Canada has the destination address of the center of its envelope with a stamp or meter label on the top right corner of the envelope. A return address, although not required, can be put on the top left corner or the back of the envelope. The address should be printed clearly or in an easy-to-read typeface. First Line: Name of recipientSecond Line: Civic address (street address)Last Line: Municipality name, a single space, the two-letter province abbreviation, two full spaces, and then the postal code. Any additional information should appear between the second and last lines. Some rural mail does not include a civic or street address and requires such additional information. If you are sending mail within Canada, a country designation is not necessary. If you are sending mail to Canada from another country, follow all of the same instructions as listed above, but add the word Canada on a separate line at the very bottom.   First-class mail to Canada from the United States is set at international rates, and thus costs more than a letter mailed within the United States. Check with your local post office to be sure you have the correct postage (which varies based on weight.) More About the Canada Post Canada Post Corporation, known more simply as Canada Post (or Postes Canada), is the crown corporation that functions as the countrys primary postal operator. Originally known as Royal Mail Canada, founded in 1867, it was rebranded as Canada Post in the 1960s. On October 16, 1981, the Canada Post Corporation Act officially came into effect. This abolished the Post Office Department and created the present-day crown corporation. The act aimed to set a new direction for the postal service by  ensuring the postal services financial security and independence.

E-Commerce Cyber Marketing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-Commerce Cyber Marketing Strategies - Essay Example Internet has become of the most phenomenon technological factor to most modern organizations, tapping the cost-effectiveness and affordability of the factor to achieve their objectives and goals (Krishnamurthy, 2006). As such, the internet has ingrained itself in the modern commerce and trade. Moreover, despite its rapid growth, analysts expect the internet to growth and advance further. The central goal of most organizations is to realize future threats and opportunities, and accordingly design a strategy. Commoditization of the internet has led to the development and evolution of electronic commerce, or E-commerce as commonly known (Hanson, 2000). Essentially, E-commerce refers to the concept of selling and buying services and products over computer networks or the internet. It incorporates technologies such as internet marketing, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, inventory management, systems, electronic data interchange, online transaction processing, and automatic data collection systems. E-commerce has led to the revolution of traditional marketing concepts, initiating strategies to enhance marketing strategies referred to as network marketing (Miletsky, 2000). This paper seeks to discuss and analyze four main E-commerce cyber marketing strategies: viral marketing, online advertising, permission electronic mail marketing, and search engine man agement and optimization. The paper also provides an analysis of their pros and cons, as well as a comprehensive comparison of the strategies. Lastly, the paper provides a decision-making criterion for selecting the best strategy. In marketing strategies, the most important factor to consider is to shorten the distance between consumption and production as well as reduce the lengthy circulation of commodities through numerous links. As such, the internet provides an ideal marketing platform, allowing consumers and producers to conclude their transaction in a click of a mouse button. This is the foundation of cyber marketing. Essentially, marketing is the communication between firms and customers with the intention of persuading the customer to purchase the goods and services of the firm. The increasing growth and popularity of the internet makes it an ideal target for marketing, supported by other significant factors such as cost effectiveness, reliability, speed, and accessibility (Bhusry, 2005). Consequently, marketers have come up with innovative strategies to tap the potential opportunity of E-commerce cyber marketing, including viral marketing, online advertising, permission electronic mail marketing, and search engine optimization. Viral Marketing Viral marketing essentially refers to the online word-of-mouth advertising. In this marketing concept, the firm provides something interesting that encourages others to spread marketing information about the product or service, cost effectively and quickly without much effort from the firm. Consequently, this potentially creates an exponential growth in the effect and visibility of the marketing message (Bhusry, 2005). In other words, the message spreads like a common cold virus form one person to the other. Cyber virus marketing is a very effective marketing strategy, and a successful campaign may present an opportunity of obtaining thousands of new every year. A prime example of a phenomenon viral marketing s trategy is Hotmail (http://www.hotmail.com), the first provider of free E-mail services (Krishnamurthy, 2006). The firm began offering free accounts, attaching a

Statistics NonParametricTests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statistics NonParametricTests - Essay Example A chi square test to determine whether there is a difference in three or more samples proportions has a number of conditions, the main difference for the Chi square when comparing two independent sample proportion and more than three independent samples proportions is the value requirement in each cell. For the two samples test cells must have a value equal or greater than five while for the three independent samples the value should be greater than one. One of the conditions is that the observations must be independent. The other condition is that the data should be numeric and not percentages or proportions. Another condition is that the cells should have an expected value greater than one. Another condition is that the data should be categorical. A chi square test can also be undertaken to determine whether two samples are drawn from the same population, there are a number of conditions for this tests and one of them is that the samples should be random, the sample sizes should be relatively large because small sample sizes will yield inaccurate conclusions. The other condition is that all cells should have a value greater than zero and that all cells should have an expected value greater than 5, the other condition is that the observations should be independent. The McNemar test is a non parametric test that is used to compare two sample proportions when the two samples are correlated or related. When comparing two sample proportions the Chi square test can be used when the samples are independent, however if the samples are dependent the McNemar test is used. One of the conditions that need to met when using the McNemar test is that the test is comparing proportions, the two samples are dependent or related, when comparing nominal or categorical data and if the samples are matched pair, matched pair means that data contains before and after

Advanced HealthCare Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Advanced HealthCare Management - Assignment Example The first approach which is based on equity in maintaining a smooth business relationship with employers actually stresses fair and equal perception of employees to the tasks accomplished and to the remuneration that is received. Likewise, it was noted that it is natural for people to compare what is received with those that are received by others – given similar inputs. When there is some indication of inequality or unfairness within the work setting, the disparity would ultimately allegedly lead to anxiety, tension, and demotivation in the workplace. In the equity theory, employees apparently judge the fairness of the reward system. The fairness of the reward system was acknowledged to be evaluated in terms of the ratio between an employee’s outcomes and inputs, and on how this ratio compares with those of others. If the employees perceive the reward as equitable, they would probably continue to perform at the same level of output. However, if the reward is perceived as inequitable, they will apparently experience tension that could motivate them to react in a manner so as to reduce the inequity. The reaction would ultimately aim to bring outcomes and inputs on balance with each other and with those of others. The second approach, the expectancy theory reportedly relates to the connection between effort and performance. This theory allegedly indicates the strength of belief that performance will be determined materially by corresponding effort. The stronger the connection between effort and performance, the higher the expectancy. Likewise, one is convinced that the formation of expectancies is influenced by the worker’s own evaluation of his competence. In addition, it was explicitly discussed that the expectancy theory contains four relevant components, to wit: job outcomes; valences (or the individuals’ feelings about the expected job outcomes); instrumentality, which refers to the link between performance

Analysis of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens

Analysis of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens   After reading a part of Oliver Twist and after watch the short documentary on Charles  Dickens, it is easy to say that he can be identified as a realist writer. A realist writer is defined as  a writer that writes about things are can happen in the real world. The initial twenty pages of  Oliver Twist has numerous realist traits in it. In the principal couple of sentences of the novel, the  storyteller discusses how Oliver Twist was conceived and how his mom passed away due to  complications during birth. The narrator says when discussing Oliver Twists birth, For a long  time after he was ushered into this world of sorrow and trouble, by the parish surgeon, it  remained a matter of considerable doubt whether the child would survive to bear any name at all;  in which case it is somewhat more than probable that these memoirs would never have appeared,  or, if they had, being comprised withinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ biography extant in the literature of any age or country ( 3). Dickens having the storyteller discuss how nobody knew whether Oliver Twist  would survive indicates Dickens is a realist. Likewise, another piece of the initial twenty pages  where Dickens demonstrates he is a realist writer is toward the finish of the chapter where  Dickens implies about Olivers future. The narrator says, But now he was enveloped in the old  calico robes, that had grown yellow in the same service; he was badged and ticketed, and fell  into his place at once a parish child the orphan of a work house the humble, half-starved  drudge to be cuffed and buffeted through the world, despised by all, and pitied by none (5).   Here, the reader can assume that he will be a parish child as the quote provides. From our  studies of naturalism junior year, or an extraordinary type of authenticity, a man has a  foreordained destiny, which Oliver is given when his mom passes on toward the start of the  novel and he is left as vagrant as an orphan. Subsequent to perusing a piece of Oliver Twist and in the wake of watching the short narrative on Charles Dickens, it is anything but difficult to state that he can be distinguished as a realist essayist. A realist essayist is characterized as an author that expounds on things are can occur in this present reality. The underlying twenty pages of Oliver Twist have various realist attributes in it. In the primary couple of sentences of the novel, the storyteller examines how Oliver Twist was considered and how his mother passed away because of confusions amid birth. The storyteller says while talking about Oliver Twists introduction to the world, For a long time after he was ushered into this world of sorrow and trouble, by the parish surgeon, it remained a matter of considerable doubt whether the child would survive to bear any name at all; in which case it is somewhat more than probable that these memoirs would never have appeared, or, if they had, being comprised withinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ biography extant in the literature of any age or country (3). Dickens having the storyteller talk about how no one knew whether Oliver Twist would survive shows Dickens is a realist. Similarly, another bit of the underlying twenty pages where Dickens exhibits he is a realist essayist is toward the complete of the part where Dickens suggests about Olivers future. The storyteller says, But now he was enveloped in the old calico robes, that had grown yellow in the same service; he was badged and ticketed, and fell into his place at once a parish child the orphan of a work house the humble, half-starved drudge to be cuffed and buffeted through the world, despised by all, and pitied by none (5). Here, after perusing the text one can expect that he will be a parish child as the quote gives. From our investigations of naturalism a year ago, or an unprecedented kind of realness, a man has a fated predetermination, which Oliver is given when his mother passes on toward the begin of th e novel and he is left as vagrant as a vagrant.

Comparing To Kill a Mockingbird with The Man Without a Face :: comparison compare contrast essays

"Fighting Fear and Tradition† Michael Jordan can't single-handedly win a basketball game. Wayne Gretzky can't win hockey games by himself either. It takes a team effort to be successful. That was exactly the case in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird and The Man Without a Face. Even though the time period of To Kill a Mockingbird (1930s) and The Man Without a Face (1960s) were vastly different, everyone needed help, no matter how dangerous. It is no easy task and takes a lot of courage, but it is not impossible, it is achievable.   Although Jem Finch and Charles Norstadt both matured over time, Jem had no real goal except to be a better all-around person, while Charles' goal was to make it to the military school. In Jem's situation, he believed one of the steps to success was to escort his little sister, Scout, back home. He did, but he paid a sacrificial price. A complete surprise attack would have left Jem lifeless like a fish on dry land if Boo Radley, the outcast, had not saved Jem's life. Jem even took the humiliation of apologizing after destroying the garden of Mrs. Dubose because of his lack of self control. Charles Norstadt matured a lot as well and was rewarded with entry to a top military school. He learned to accept the fact that people were no longer supporting him. For example, when McLeod ordered Charles to dig a 3x3x3 hole, he refused to do it. He later learned that this was his geometry lesson. Also, when Charles attempted to shortcut through his essay assignment, he was caught and acco!   rding to McLeod "a high class cheat now". Perhaps, Charles' biggest maturity step was his ability to see the person behind the burnt face of Justin McLeod. The news was biased, and McLeod would not answer, so he was forced to take facts from his personal experiences and interpret them "I didn't teach you the whole summer so you could cheat on this question!" yelled Justin McLeod. Even though both Jem and Charles fought against society's perspective, they both blossomed admirably and were later able to take a stand against a community with large prejudices. Despite the prejudices that both communities had, the community in To Kill a Mockingbird was racist towards Tom Robinson while the media portrayed the negative image of Justin McLeod in The Man Without a Face. Because of Tom Robinson's racial disadvantage in court, Atticus Finch became his lawyer. Atticus felt that everyone, including people of all colors, should be equal. "^ our courts are the great levelers,

Comparative Analysis of Models in the Competitive Market

Every rational individual acknowledges that businesses need to be competitive in order to thrive. My comparative analysis will recognize the various models used in the competitive marketplace and compare the end-results of these models. The four models that I will be comparing are: step checklist, transformation model, Mintzberg’s physiognomy, and the economic sector analysis. In line with my analysis I will also be using my experience as a sales marketer for Aramco Oil Company to provide key examples about how these fundamental processes occur on an every day basis. When comprehending comparative models you must first understand that a model is simply a complex or systematic description of the competitive marketplace. These models are used to aid individuals in seeing the structure or design of the marketplace. Initially, we will focus first on the transformation model and its hand in the marketplace. Looking at the general word ‘transform’ you will see how wisely chosen this process is. To transform is to create something from a raw material. In this model, this transformation occurs when inputs are transformed to outputs. This process is a very high level look at the marketplace. It looks simply at what manner of item when in to the system in order to procure a end result item. Almost like a circuit, it is the in-s and out-s which keep the market process in a continuous movement and growth. The more raw material which goes into a system the more outputs you expect to see. In my role, as a sales marketer of Aramco Oil Company I see this process every day. The raw material of oil is processed to produce a high demand product, and thus the transformation process is a never-ending cycle. As a model though, this process does not account for all the idiosyncrasies or complex factors that play a role in the create of this high end product. In fact, the process is so high leveled that I see the Step Checklist as a much more logical look at the process (Armson, Rosalind, John Martin, Susan Carr, Roger Spear, and Tony Walsh.) Of the four models being compared, the Step Checklist is by far the most organized in its structural intact and outlook on the competitive market. This checklist looks at the key influences in the competitive marketplace. It focuses on the social, technological, economic, and political influences by concisely breaking down various aspects of how, why, where, when, and what possible affects they have on an organization. Unlike the transformation model, this checklist supplies the analyzer with various possibilities to be on the lookout for when determining a course of action. Furthermore, this checklist allows for a simplistic and widely applicable usage of these factors. Whereas the transformation model was a very board look at the inputs and outputs, this Step Checklist is a systematic perspective of social factors like demographics and age-groups. By looking at the technological components of the competitive marketplace, a company like my own has the opportunity to ensure that it is staying or making advancements along with the competitive other players. Economic changes can be watched or statistically analyzed to make appropriate changes or adaptations should the competitive marketplace change. My company is a key player in the oil industry and must gauge how its future profitability will be at the best advantage. From a political avenue, this model is essential to make sure that all players in the competitive marketplace are aware of legislative policies or strategies that might affect the industry. Furthermore, politics has a constant role in policies changing or advancements. Should a sales representative like myself not account for this changes our clients will see that we are not staying in line with policies and perhaps be adversely affected by our lack of adhering to those policies. This analysis of competitors is a means towards identifying the company’s competitors, understanding what their strategies are, recognizing their objectives, seeing how their strengths and weaknesses are seen in a checklist manner, and recognizing reaction patterns to those factors which affect the marketplace (Kotler 234-247) Moving on to the Mintzberg’s physiognomy model, many analysts might see this model as highly subjective in origin. In comparison to both the Transformation and Step Checklist models, this model is dependent on looking at the power various players wield in the competitive marketplace or industry. This model stresses that there is a ‘cast of characters’ in an organization which ranges from owners to employees to special interest groups to various other entities. Based upon this model, we see a very visual representation of the marketplace. It is unique to see the differences between the models. Transformation model is seemingly a process flow. The Step Checklist was created based upon influences and logically connects or affects upon the industry. Now here we have Mintzberg’s physiognomy’s model. What stuck out at me first is that physiognomy is clearly the study of a person’s palm to determine that individual’s fate. This destiny is determined based upon a higher source of power which dictates what is to occur in the future for that individual. Here this model looks at the ‘power’ play of what will determine the fate of the company based upon the various sectors which play a role in its maintaining profitability (Armson, Rosalind, John Martin, Susan Carr, Roger Spear, and Tony Walsh.). It focuses primarily on the strategies or activities of these entities. These strategies or activities will overall affect the competitive industry in some manner. For instance, in my company should the owners fail to provide adequate compensation to the employees they can either strike or retain work elsewhere. If the company lacks adequately experienced employees it will fail to retain clients or creditability in the eyes of its public. This can potentially damage or hinder the economic profitability or continued success of Aramco Oil Company. If that occurs, as a sales marketer I will have a difficult time convincing others that the company is maintaining its correct directions and gross profit margins. At this time, I will roll right into the economic sector analysis model. The competitive marketplace is built on the ideology of ‘economics’. This fundamental model looks at sectors, the environment, and markets. Without bumping the company against its competitors we will fail to recognize where growth or change is required. The sectors themselves compete amongst themselves and there are definite signs of where one company might be affecting or causing a chain-reaction within other companies. For instance, an EDI system allows for less manual maintenance. If a company fails to make appropriate changes or does not advance itself like other, then the other companies in that particular sector will swiftly overtake its market shares. In the oil industry there is often a state of rapid growth and it is wise for a company to watch for such changes. Like the Mintzberg’s physiognomy, there is a look at the power players or influences in this model. The power look in this case is the economic sector and other players in that particular sector. All in all, measures must be taken to ensure that the marketplace is watched for its stability, and adversely if unstable occurrences are happening. These models can all be used to determine how the competitive marketplace is doing and how to identify influences that affect it. In general, these models each have their strengths and weaknesses. In general each model can be used to analyze various aspects of the marketplace. This analysis can be broken down into the strategies used to determine how the marketplace needs to react as changes occur in it and around it. Works Cited: Armson, Rosalind, John Martin, Susan Carr, Roger Spear, and Tony Walsh. Understanding Business   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environments: Identifying Environmental Issues, 2000 Kotler, Philip. Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control. Sixth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988